Bibliography for Media and Democratisation in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union BETA

Akhrarkhodjaeva, N. (2017) The instrumentalisation of mass media in electoral authoritarian regimes: evidence from Russia’s presidential election campaigns of 2000 and 2008. Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag.

Alvares, C. and Dahlgren, P. (2016) ‘Populism, extremism and media: Mapping an uncertain terrain’, European Journal of Communication, 31(1), pp. 46–57. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115614485.

Anable, D. (2006) ‘The Role of Georgia’s Media—and Western Aid—in the Rose Revolution’, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 11(3), pp. 7–43. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X06289211.

Andén-Papadopoulos, K. (2014) ‘Citizen camera-witnessing: Embodied political dissent in the age of “mediated mass self-communication”’, New Media & Society, 16(5), pp. 753–769. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813489863.

Axford, B. and Huggins, R. (2001) The new media and politics. London: SAGE.

Barhaim, G.A. (2012a) Public-private relations in totalitarian states. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Barhaim, G.A. (2012b) Public-private relations in totalitarian states. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Bennett, W.L. and Livingston, S. (2018) ‘The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions’, European Journal of Communication, 33(2), pp. 122–139. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317.

Bilić, P. and Švob-Đokić, N. (2016) ‘The pendulum model of Croatian media policy: Digitalisation between public interests and market competition’, European Journal of Communication, 31(5), pp. 503–518. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116659976.

Boromisza-Habashi, D. (2013) Speaking hatefully: culture, communication, and political action in Hungary. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Brown, A. (2001) Contemporary Russian politics: a reader. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Burrett, T. (2011) Television and presidential power in Putin’s Russia. London: Routledge.

Castells, M. and Askews & Holts Library Services (2015a) Networks of outrage and hope: social movements in the Internet age. Cambridge: Polity Press. Available at: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780745695778.

Castells, M. and Askews & Holts Library Services (2015b) Networks of outrage and hope: social movements in the Internet age. Cambridge: Polity Press. Available at: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780745695778.

Ceron, A. and Memoli, V. (2015) ‘Trust in Government and Media Slant’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 20(3), pp. 339–359. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161215572634.

Charles, A. (2009a) Media in the enlarged Europe: politics, policy and industry. Bristol: Intellect Books.

Charles, A. (2009b) Media in the enlarged Europe: politics, policy and industry. Bristol: Intellect Books.

Charles, A. (2009c) Media in the enlarged Europe: politics, policy and industry. Bristol: Intellect Books.

Coleman, S. (2018) ‘The elusiveness of political truth: From the conceit of objectivity to intersubjective judgement’, European Journal of Communication, 33(2), pp. 157–171. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760319.

Coleman, S. and Kaposi, I. (no date) ‘New democracies, new media, what’s new? A study of e-participation projects in third-wave democracies’. Available at: https://ega.ee/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Coleman_handbook.pdf.

Coleman, S., Moss, G. and Parry, K. (2015a) Can the media serve democracy?: essays in honour of Jay G. Blumler. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137467928.

Coleman, S., Moss, G. and Parry, K. (2015b) Can the media serve democracy?: essays in honour of Jay G. Blumler. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137467928.

Coleman, S., Moss, G. and Parry, K. (2015c) Can the media serve democracy?: essays in honour of Jay G. Blumler. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137467928.

Coleman, S., Moss, G. and Parry, K. (2015d) Can the media serve democracy?: essays in honour of Jay G. Blumler. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137467928.

Czepek, A., Hellwig, M. and Nowak, E. (2009a) Press freedom and pluralism in Europe: concepts and conditions. Bristol: Intellect.

Czepek, A., Hellwig, M. and Nowak, E. (2009b) Press freedom and pluralism in Europe: concepts and conditions. Bristol: Intellect.

Czepek, A., Hellwig, M. and Nowak, E. (2009c) Press freedom and pluralism in Europe: concepts and conditions. Bristol: Intellect.

Czepek, A., Hellwig, M. and Nowak, E. (2009d) Press freedom and pluralism in Europe: concepts and conditions. Bristol: Intellect.

Czepek, A., Hellwig, M. and Nowak, E. (2009e) Press freedom and pluralism in Europe: concepts and conditions. Bristol: Intellect.

Czepek, A., Hellwig, M. and Nowak, E. (2009f) Press freedom and pluralism in Europe: concepts and conditions. Bristol: Intellect.

Dahlberg, L. and Siapera, E. (2007) Radical democracy and the Internet: interrogating theory and practice. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Dobek-Ostrowska, B. (2010) Comparative media systems: European and global perspectives. Budapest: CEU Press.

Donders, K., Pauwels, C. and Loisen, J. (eds) (2014) The Palgrave handbook of European media policy. 1st edition. Basinngstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Downey, J. and Mihelj, S. (2012a) Central and Eastern European media in comparative perspective: politics, economy and culture. Burlington, Vt: Ashgate Pub. Company.

Downey, J. and Mihelj, S. (2012b) Central and Eastern European media in comparative perspective: politics, economy and culture. Burlington, Vt: Ashgate Pub. Company.

Downey, J. and Mihelj, S. (2012c) Central and Eastern European media in comparative perspective: politics, economy and culture. Burlington, Vt: Ashgate Pub. Company.

Downey, J. and Mihelj, S. (2012d) Central and Eastern European media in comparative perspective: politics, economy and culture. Burlington, Vt: Ashgate Pub. Company.

Downey, J., Mihelj, S. and König, T. (2012) ‘Comparing public spheres: Normative models and empirical measurements’, European Journal of Communication, 27(4), pp. 337–353. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112459447.

Dyczok, M. (2006) ‘Was Kuchma’s Censorship Effective? Mass Media in Ukraine before 2004’, Europe-Asia Studies, 58(2), pp. 215–238. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20451184.

Dyczok, M. and Gaman-Golutvina, O.V. (2009) Media, democracy and freedom: the post-communist experience. Bern: Peter Lang.

European Audiovisual Observatory, Council of Europe (2017) ‘Media coverage of elections: : the legal framework in Europe (IRIS Special)’. Strasbourg: European Audiovisual Observatory. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/16807834b2.

Fairbanks, C.H. (2004) ‘Georgia’s Rose Revolution’, Journal of Democracy, 15(2), pp. 110–124. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2004.0025.

Fengler, S. et al. (2015) ‘How effective is media self-regulation? Results from a comparative survey of European journalists’, European Journal of Communication, 30(3), pp. 249–266. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323114561009.

Freedman, D. (2018) ‘Populism and media policy failure’, European Journal of Communication, 33(6), pp. 604–618. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118790156.

Gerli, M., Mazzoni, M. and Mincigrucci, R. (2018) ‘Constraints and limitations of investigative journalism in Hungary, Italy, Latvia and Romania’, European Journal of Communication, 33(1), pp. 22–36. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323117750672.

Gill, G.J. and Young, J. (eds) (2012) Routledge handbook of Russian politics and society. London: Routledge. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781136641022.

Giorgi, L. and Pohoryles, R.J. (1995) The Post-socialist media: what power the West? : the changing media landscape in Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic. Aldershot: Avebury.

Graber, D.A. (2011a) Media power in politics. 6th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Graber, D.A. (2011b) Media power in politics. 6th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Graber, D.A. (2011c) Media power in politics. 6th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Gunther, R. and Mughan, A. (2000) Democracy and the media: a comparative perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gurevitch, M., Coleman, S. and Blumer, J.G. (2009) ‘Political Communication—Old and New Media Relationships’, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 625. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40375913.

Hallin, D.C. and Mancini, P. (2012a) Comparing media systems beyond the western world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hallin, D.C. and Mancini, P. (2012b) Comparing media systems beyond the western world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hallin, D.C. and Mancini, P. (2012c) Comparing media systems beyond the western world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hallin, D.C. and Mancini, P. (2017) ‘Ten Years After Comparing Media Systems : What Have We Learned?’, Political Communication, 34(2), pp. 155–171. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1233158.

Hannan, J. (2018) ‘Trolling ourselves to death? Social media and post-truth politics’, European Journal of Communication, 33(2), pp. 214–226. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760323.

Harcourt, A. (2003) ‘The Regulation of Media Markets in selected EU Accession States in Central and Eastern Europe’, European Law Journal, 9(3), pp. 316–340. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0386.00180.

Herman, E.S. and Chomsky, N. (2002) Manufacturing consent: the political economy of the mass media. [Updated ed.]. New York: Pantheon Books.

Hindman, E.B. and Thomas, R.J. (2014) ‘When old and new media collide: The case of WikiLeaks’, New Media & Society, 16(4), pp. 541–558. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813489504.

International Encyclopaedia for Media Law - Kluwer Law Online (no date). Available at: https://www.kluwerlawonline.com/toc.php?pubcode=MEDA.

Jakubowicz, K. (2006a) ‘Oleg Manaev: The "Civil (Society) Constructor” Soldiers On’, Political Communication, 23(4), pp. 381–385. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600600976963.

Jakubowicz, K. (2006b) Rude awakening: social and media change in Central and Eastern Europe. Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.

Jakubowicz, K. (2006c) Rude awakening: social and media change in Central and Eastern Europe. Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.

Jakubowicz, K. (2006d) Rude awakening: social and media change in Central and Eastern Europe. Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.

Jakubowicz, K. and Council of Europe (2011) Media revolution in Europe: ahead of the curve. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.

Jakubowicz, K. and Sükösd, M. (2008a) Finding the right place on the map: Central and Eastern European media change in a global perspective. Bristol, UK: Intellect. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=407919.

Jakubowicz, K. and Sükösd, M. (2008b) Finding the right place on the map: Central and Eastern European media change in a global perspective. Bristol, UK: Intellect. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=407919.

Jakubowicz, K. and Sükösd, M. (2008c) Finding the right place on the map: Central and Eastern European media change in a global perspective. Bristol, UK: Intellect. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=407919.

Jakubowicz, K. and Sükösd, M. (2008d) Finding the right place on the map: Central and Eastern European media change in a global perspective. Bristol, UK: Intellect. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=407919.

Jakubowicz, K. and Sükösd, M. (2008e) Finding the right place on the map: Central and Eastern European media change in a global perspective. Bristol, UK: Intellect. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=407919.

Karlsen, R. (2015) ‘Followers are opinion leaders: The role of people in the flow of political communication on and beyond social networking sites’, European Journal of Communication, 30(3), pp. 301–318. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115577305.

Kelly, M.J. et al. (2004) The media in Europe. 3rd ed. London: SAGE.

Klimkiewicz, B. (2009) ‘Structural Media Pluralism and Ownership Revisited: The Case of Central and Eastern Europe’, Journal of Media Business Studies, 6(3), pp. 43–62. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2009.11073488.

Klimkiewicz, B. (2010a) Media freedom and pluralism: media policy challenges in the enlarged Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press.

Klimkiewicz, B. (2010b) Media freedom and pluralism: media policy challenges in the enlarged Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press.

Klimkiewicz, B. (2010c) Media freedom and pluralism: media policy challenges in the enlarged Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press.

Klimkiewicz, B. (2010d) Media freedom and pluralism: media policy challenges in the enlarged Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press.

Klimkiewicz, B. (2010e) Media freedom and pluralism: media policy challenges in the enlarged Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press.

Knobloch-Westerwick, S. and Kleinman, S.B. (2012) ‘Preelection Selective Exposure’, Communication Research, 39(2), pp. 170–193. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211400597.

Koc-Michalska, K. and Lilleker, D. (2017) ‘Digital Politics: Mobilization, Engagement, and Participation’, Political Communication, 34(1), pp. 1–5. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1243178.

Komorek, E. (2009) ‘Is media pluralism? The European Court of Human Rights, the Council of Europe and the issue of media pluralism’, European Human Rights Law Review, 3, pp. 395–414. Available at: https://signon.thomsonreuters.com/federation/UKF?entityID=https%3A%2F%2Fidp.gla.ac.uk%2Fshibboleth&returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com%2FDocument%2FI20A0C89057C711DEA9F1C6A38674490E%2FView%2FFullText.html%3FskipAnonymous%3Dtrue.

Lašas, A. (no date) ‘Media and Democracy in Central Eastern Europe: Political Culture’. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/20261531/Media_and_Democracy_in_Central_Eastern_Europe_Political_Culture.

Laursen, B. and Valentini, C. (2015) ‘Mediatization and Government Communication’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 20(1), pp. 26–44. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161214556513.

Leach, P. (2010) Responding to systemic human rights violations: an analysis of pilot judgements of the European Court of Human Rights and their impact at national level. Antwerp: Intersentia.

Mancini, P. (2013) ‘Media Fragmentation, Party System, and Democracy’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(1), pp. 43–60. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161212458200.

Mansell, R. and Raboy, M. (2011) The handbook of global media and communication policy. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.

Mattoni, A. and Ceccobelli, D. (2018) ‘Comparing hybrid media systems in the digital age: A theoretical framework for analysis’, European Journal of Communication, 33(5), pp. 540–557. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118784831.

McNair, B. (2018) An introduction to political communication. Sixth edition. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781315750293.

Milojević, A. and Krstić, A. (2018) ‘Hierarchy of influences on transitional journalism – Corrupting relationships between political, economic and media elites’, European Journal of Communication, 33(1), pp. 37–56. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323117750674.

Milutinović, I. (2017) ‘Media ownership and democratic capacity of transitional society: The case of Serbia’, European Journal of Communication, 32(4), pp. 367–380. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323117718465.

Moeller, J. and de Vreese, C. (2013) ‘The differential role of the media as an agent of political socialization in Europe’, European Journal of Communication, 28(3), pp. 309–325. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323113482447.

Mutu, A. (2018) ‘The regulatory independence of audiovisual media regulators: A cross-national comparative analysis’, European Journal of Communication, 33(6), pp. 619–638. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118790153.

Nardis, Y. (2015) ‘News, Trust in the European Parliament, and EP Election Voting’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 20(1), pp. 45–66. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161214556710.

Nielsen, R.K., Esser, F. and Levy, D. (2013) ‘Comparative Perspectives on the Changing Business of Journalism and Its Implications for Democracy’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(4), pp. 383–391. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161213497130.

Nisbet, E.C. and Stoycheff, E. (2013) ‘Let the People Speak’, Communication Research, 40(5), pp. 720–741. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211429117.

Nulty, P. et al. (2016) ‘Social media and political communication in the 2014 elections to the European Parliament’, Electoral Studies, 44, pp. 429–444. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.04.014.

Ognianova, E. and Scott, B. (1997) ‘Milton’s Paradox’, European Journal of Communication, 12(3), pp. 369–390. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323197012003004.

Onuch, O. (2015) ‘EuroMaidan Protests in Ukraine: Social Media Versus Social Networks’, Problems of Post-Communism, 62(4), pp. 217–235. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2015.1037676.

Orneberg, H. (2013) ‘Journalistic Autonomy and Professionalisation (Media and Democracy in Central Eastern Europe (MDCEE))’. Available at: https://www.rcmediafreedom.eu/Publications/Reports/Media-and-Democracy-in-Central-Eastern-Europe-MDCEE.

Pajnik, M. (2018) ‘Media Populism on the Example of Right-Wing Political Parties’ Communication in Slovenia’, Problems of Post-Communism, pp. 1–12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2018.1540275.

Paletz, D.L. and Jakubowicz, K. (2002) Business as usual: continuity and change in Central and Eastern European media. Cresskill, N.J.: Hampton Press.

Perez, F. (2013) Political communication in Europe: The cultural and structural limits of the European public sphere. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137305138.

Podesta, D. (2009) ‘Soft censorship: how governments around the globe use money to manipulate the media: a report to the Center for International Media Assistance’. Available at: https://www.cima.ned.org/resource/soft-censorship-how-governments-around-the-globe-use-money-to-manipulate-the-media/.

Politkovska︠i︡a, A., Tait, A. and Kennedy, H. (2010) Nothing but the truth: selected dispatches. London: Havrill Secker.

Price, M.E., Rozumilowicz, B. and Verhulst, S. (2002) Media reform: democratizing the media, democratizing the state. London: Routledge.

Psychogiopoulou, E. (2012) Understanding media policies: A European perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137035288.

Richter, A. (2008) ‘Post-Soviet Perspective On Censorship and Freedom of the Media’, International Communication Gazette, 70(5), pp. 307–324. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508094291.

Risse-Kappen, T. (ed.) (2015) European public spheres: politics is back. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sajó, A. and Price, M.E. (1996) Rights of access to the media. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.

Savin, N., Kashirskikh, O. and Mavletova, A. (2018) ‘Fragility of strong media effects in authoritarian environment (Evidence from Russia)’, European Journal of Communication, 33(5), pp. 471–488. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118775305.

Schroeder, R. and Ling, R. (2014) ‘Durkheim and Weber on the social implications of new information and communication technologies’, New Media & Society, 16(5), pp. 789–805. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813495157.

Semetko, H.A. and Scammell, M. (2012) The SAGE handbook of political communication. London: SAGE.

Siebert, F.S., Peterson, T. and Schramm, W. (1984) Four theories of the press. Chicago, Ill: University of Illinois Press.

Šimunjak, M. (2017) ‘(De-)personalization of mediated political communication: Comparative analysis of Yugoslavia, Croatia and the United Kingdom from 1945 to 2015’, European Journal of Communication, 32(5), pp. 473–489. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323117725972.

van Spanje, J. and de Vreese, C. (2014) ‘Europhile Media and Eurosceptic Voting: Effects of News Media Coverage on Eurosceptic Voting in the 2009 European Parliamentary Elections’, Political Communication, 31(2), pp. 325–354. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2013.828137.

Splichal, S. and Dahlgren, P. (2016a) ‘Journalism between de-professionalisation and democratisation’, European Journal of Communication, 31(1), pp. 5–18. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115614196.

Splichal, S. and Dahlgren, P. (2016b) ‘Journalism between de-professionalisation and democratisation’, European Journal of Communication, 31(1), pp. 5–18. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115614196.

Stetka, V. (2013) ‘Media Ownership and Commercial Pressures (Media and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe, final report)’. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/8562331/Media_Ownership_and_Commercial_Pressures._Final_Report_for_the_ERC-funded_project_Media_and_Democracy_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe.

Stetka, V. and Örnebring, H. (2013) ‘Investigative Journalism in Central and Eastern Europe: autonomy, business models and democratic roles’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(4), pp. 413–435. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161213495921.

Sükösd, M. and Bajomi-Lázár, P. (2003) Reinventing media: media policy reform in East-Central Europe. Budapest: Central European University Press.

Trappel, J. et al. (2011a) Media in Europe today. Bristol, UK.: Intellect. Available at: http://lib.myilibrary.com/detail.asp?id=289607&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth.

Trappel, J. et al. (2011b) Media in Europe today. Bristol, UK.: Intellect. Available at: http://lib.myilibrary.com/detail.asp?id=289607&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth.

Trappel, J. et al. (2011c) Media in Europe today. Bristol, UK.: Intellect. Available at: http://lib.myilibrary.com/detail.asp?id=289607&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth.

Trappel, J. et al. (2011d) Media in Europe today. Bristol, UK.: Intellect. Available at: http://lib.myilibrary.com/detail.asp?id=289607&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth.

Tucker, J. (2014) Protest in the age of social media: technology and Ukraine’s #Euromaidan. Available at: https://medium.com/carnegie-corporation-international-peace-and/protest-in-the-age-of-social-media-7ae9fd940b06.

Tworzecki, H. and Semetko, H.A. (2010) ‘Media Uses and Effects in New Democracies: The Case of Poland’s 2005 Parliamentary and Presidential Elections’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(2), pp. 155–174. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161209360698.

Vaccari, C. et al. (2015) ‘Political Expression and Action on Social Media: Exploring the Relationship Between Lower- and Higher-Threshold Political Activities Among Twitter Users in Italy’, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(2), pp. 221–239. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12108.

Valcke, P. (2014) ‘The Unbearable Lightness of Media Ownership Transparency | MediaObservatory (AS/Cult/Inf (2014) 04)’. Available at: http://mediaobservatory.net/library/unbearable-lightness-media-ownership-transparency.

Voltmer, K. (2006a) Mass media and political communication in new democracies. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780203328668.

Voltmer, K. (2006b) Mass media and political communication in new democracies. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780203328668.

Voltmer, K. (2006c) Mass media and political communication in new democracies. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780203328668.

Voltmer, K. (2013a) The media in transitional democracies. Cambridge: Polity. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=1315630.

Voltmer, K. (2013b) The media in transitional democracies. Cambridge: Polity. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=1315630.

Watanabe, K. (2017) ‘Measuring news bias: Russia’s official news agency ITAR-TASS’ coverage of the Ukraine crisis’, European Journal of Communication, 32(3), pp. 224–241. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323117695735.

Wilkin, P., Dencik, L. and Bognár, É. (2015) ‘Digital activism and Hungarian media reform: The case of Milla’, European Journal of Communication, 30(6), pp. 682–697. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115595528.

Williams, K. (2011) European media studies. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

Winiarska-Brodowska, M. (no date) ‘Political communication in the EU: Civic potential of new media (case study: Poland)’, Central European Journal of Communication, 8(15), pp. 235–246. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=412867.

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