1
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., Dawson Books. Routledge handbook of internet politics. London: Routledge 2010.
2
Hindman, Matthew Scott. The myth of digital democracy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 2009.
3
Chadwick A, Oxford University Press. The hybrid media system: politics and power. New York: Oxford University Press 2013.
4
Gainous, Jason, Wagner, Kevin M. Rebooting American politics: the Internet revolution. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 2011.
5
Karpf, David, Oxford University Press. The MoveOn effect: the unexpected transformation of American political advocacy. New York: Oxford University Press 2012.
6
Farrell H. The Consequences of the Internet for Politics. Annual Review of Political Science. 2012;15:35–52. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-030810-110815
7
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., Dawson Books. Routledge handbook of internet politics. London: Routledge 2010.
8
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., Dawson Books. Routledge handbook of internet politics. London: Routledge 2010.
9
Benson R, Blach-Ørsten M, Powers M, et al. Media Systems Online and Off: Comparing the Form of News in the United States, Denmark, and France. Journal of Communication. 2012;62:21–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01625.x
10
Lee AM, Lewis SC, Powers M. Audience Clicks and News Placement: A Study of Time-Lagged Influence in Online Journalism. Communication Research. Published Online First: 20 November 2012. doi: 10.1177/0093650212467031
11
Gaskins B, Jerit J. Internet News: Is It a Replacement for Traditional Media Outlets? The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2012;17:190–213. doi: 10.1177/1940161211434640
12
Shapiro, Robert Y., Jacobs, Lawrence R. The Oxford handbook of American public opinion and the media. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2011.
13
Anderson C. Between creative and quantified audiences: Web metrics and changing patterns of newswork in local US newsrooms. Journalism. 2011;12:550–66. doi: 10.1177/1464884911402451
14
Robinson S. Convergence Crises: News Work and News Space in the Digitally Transforming Newsroom. Journal of Communication. 2011;61:1122–41. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01603.x
15
Humprecht E, Buchel F. More of the Same or Marketplace of Opinions? A Cross-National Comparison of Diversity in Online News Reporting. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2013;18:436–61. doi: 10.1177/1940161213497595
16
Küng-Shankleman, Lucy, Picard, Robert G., Towse, Ruth. The internet and the mass media. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE 2008.
17
Boczkowski PJ, Mitchelstein E, Walter M. Convergence Across Divergence: Understanding the Gap in the Online News Choices of Journalists and Consumers in Western Europe and Latin America. Communication Research. 2011;38:376–96. doi: 10.1177/0093650210384989
18
Hussain MM. Journalism’s digital disconnect: The growth of campaign content and entertainment gatekeepers in viral political information. Journalism. 2012;13:1024–40. doi: 10.1177/1464884911433253
19
``The Internet and Four Dimensions of Citizenship.".
20
Iyengar S, Curran J, Lund AB, et al. Cross‐National versus Individual‐Level Differences in Political Information: A Media Systems Perspective. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties. 2010;20:291–309. doi: 10.1080/17457289.2010.490707
21
Valenzuela S, Park N, Kee KF. Is There Social Capital in a Social Network Site?: Facebook Use and College Students’ Life Satisfaction, Trust, and Participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2009;14:875–901. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x
22
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., Dawson Books. Routledge handbook of internet politics. London: Routledge 2010.
23
Lee E-J, Oh SY. Seek and You Shall Find? How Need for Orientation Moderates Knowledge Gain from Twitter Use. Journal of Communication. 2013;63:745–65. doi: 10.1111/jcom.12041
24
Swigger N. The Online Citizen: Is Social Media Changing Citizens’ Beliefs About Democratic Values? Political Behavior. 2013;35:589–603. doi: 10.1007/s11109-012-9208-y
25
Boulianne S. Does Internet Use Affect Engagement? A Meta-Analysis of Research. Political Communication. 2009;26:193–211. doi: 10.1080/10584600902854363
26
Bode L. Facebooking It to the Polls: A Study in Online Social Networking and Political Behavior. Journal of Information Technology & Politics. 2012;9:352–69. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2012.709045
27
Thorson K, Ekdale B, Borah P, et al. YOUTUBE AND PROPOSITION 8. Information, Communication & Society. 2010;13:325–49. doi: 10.1080/13691180903497060
28
Kenski K, Stroud NJ. Connections Between Internet Use and Political Efficacy, Knowledge, and Participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 2006;50:173–92. doi: 10.1207/s15506878jobem5002_1
29
DiGrazia J, McKelvey K, Bollen J, et al. More Tweets, More Votes: Social Media as a Quantitative Indicator of Political Behavior. SSRN Electronic Journal. Published Online First: 2013. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2235423
30
Rojas H, Puig-i-Abril E. Mobilizers Mobilized: Information, Expression, Mobilization and Participation in the Digital Age. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2009;14:902–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01475.x
31
Xenos M, Moy P. Direct and Differential Effects of the Internet on Political and Civic Engagement. Journal of Communication. 2007;57:704–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00364.x
32
Enjolras B, Steen-Johnsen K, Wollebaek D. Social media and mobilization to offline demonstrations: Transcending participatory divides? New Media & Society. 2013;15:890–908. doi: 10.1177/1461444812462844
33
ecprjs-theocharis-et-al.pdf.
34
Lance Bennett W, Breunig C, Givens T. Communication and Political Mobilization: Digital Media and the Organization of Anti-Iraq War Demonstrations in the U.S. Political Communication. 2008;25:269–89. doi: 10.1080/10584600802197434
35
Baum MA, Groeling T. New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse. Political Communication. 2008;25:345–65. doi: 10.1080/10584600802426965
36
Garrett RK. Echo chambers online?: Politically motivated selective exposure among Internet news users. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 2009;14:265–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01440.x
37
Lawrence E, Sides J, Farrell H. Self-Segregation or Deliberation? Blog Readership, Participation, and Polarization in American Politics. Perspectives on Politics. 2010;8. doi: 10.1017/S1537592709992714
38
Wojcieszak M. "Carrying Online Participation Offline”-Mobilization by Radical Online Groups and Politically Dissimilar Offline Ties. Journal of Communication. 2009;59:564–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01436.x
39
Farrell H, Drezner DW. The power and politics of blogs. Public Choice. 2007;134:15–30. doi: 10.1007/s11127-007-9198-1
40
Gil De Zuniga H, Puig-I-Abril E, Rojas H. Weblogs, traditional sources online and political participation: an assessment of how the internet is changing the political environment. New Media & Society. 2009;11:553–74. doi: 10.1177/1461444809102960
41
Borah P. Does It Matter Where You Read the News Story? Interaction of Incivility and News Frames in the Political Blogosphere. Communication Research. Published Online First: 14 June 2012. doi: 10.1177/0093650212449353
42
Åström J, Karlsson M. Blogging in the Shadow of Parties: Exploring Ideological Differences in Online Campaigning. Political Communication. 2013;30:434–55. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2012.737430
43
Shaw A, Benkler Y. A Tale of Two Blogospheres: Discursive Practices on the Left and Right. American Behavioral Scientist. 2012;56:459–87. doi: 10.1177/0002764211433793
44
Bond RM, Fariss CJ, Jones JJ, et al. A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature. 2012;489:295–8. doi: 10.1038/nature11421
45
`Do Online Advertisements Increase Political Candidates’ Name Recognition or Favorability? Evidence from Randomized Field Experiments.
46
Kushin MJ, Yamamoto M. Did Social Media Really Matter? College Students’ Use of Online Media and Political Decision Making in the 2008 Election. Mass Communication and Society. 2010;13:608–30. doi: 10.1080/15205436.2010.516863
47
Bailard CS. A Field Experiment on the Internet’s Effect in an African Election: Savvier Citizens, Disaffected Voters, or Both? Journal of Communication. 2012;62:330–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01632.x
48
Vaccari C. From echo chamber to persuasive device? Rethinking the role of the Internet in campaigns. New Media & Society. 2013;15:109–27. doi: 10.1177/1461444812457336
49
Williams CB, Gulati GJJ. Social networks in political campaigns: Facebook and the congressional elections of 2006 and 2008. New Media & Society. 2013;15:52–71. doi: 10.1177/1461444812457332
50
Microsoft Word - Vaccari London - Vaccari_London.pdf.
51
Lee E-J, Shin SY. When the Medium Is the Message : How Transportability Moderates the Effects of Politicians’ Twitter Communication. Communication Research. Published Online First: 23 November 2012. doi: 10.1177/0093650212466407
52
West DM. E-Government and the Transformation of Service Delivery and Citizen Attitudes. Public Administration Review. 2004;64:15–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6210.2004.00343.x
53
Howard PN, Hussain MM. The Role of Digital Media. Journal of Democracy. 2011;22:35–48. doi: 10.1353/jod.2011.0041
54
Tufekci Z, Wilson C. Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square. Journal of Communication. 2012;62:363–79. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x
55
Hamdy N, Gomaa EH. Framing the Egyptian Uprising in Arabic Language Newspapers and Social Media. Journal of Communication. 2012;62:195–211. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01637.x
56
Howard, Philip N., Hussain, Muzammil M., Oxford University Press. Democracy’s fourth wave?: digital media and the Arab Spring. New York: Oxford University Press 2013.
57
Howard PN, Parks MR. Social Media and Political Change: Capacity, Constraint, and Consequence. Journal of Communication. 2012;62:359–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01626.x
58
Reuter OJJ, Szakonyi D. Online Social Media and Political Awareness in Autocratic Regimes. SSRN Electronic Journal. Published Online First: 2012. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2148690
59
KING G, PAN J, ROBERTS ME. How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression. American Political Science Review. 2013;107:326–43. doi: 10.1017/S0003055413000014
60
Lei Y-W. The Political Consequences of the Rise of the Internet: Political Beliefs and Practices of Chinese Netizens. Political Communication. 2011;28:291–322. doi: 10.1080/10584609.2011.572449
61
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., Dawson Books. Routledge handbook of internet politics. London: Routledge 2010.
62
Chadwick A, Oxford University Press. The hybrid media system: politics and power. New York: Oxford University Press 2013.