1
Gilvear DJ, Heal KV, Stephen A. Hydrology and the ecological quality of Scottish river ecosystems. Science of The Total Environment. 2002;294:131–59. doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00060-8
2
Lewin J. Enlightenment and the GM floodplain. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2013;38:17–29. doi: 10.1002/esp.3230
3
Perfect C, Addy S, Gilvear D. The Scottish Rivers Handbook. 2013.
4
Werritty A, Leys KF. The sensitivity of Scottish rivers and upland valley floors to recent environmental change. CATENA. 2001;42:251–73. doi: 10.1016/S0341-8162(00)00140-5
5
Werritty A, Hoey TB, Scottish Natural Heritage (Agency). Geomorphological changes and trends in Scotland: river channels and processes. Edinburgh: Scottish Natural Heritage 2004.
6
Syvitski JPM. Impact of Humans on the Flux of Terrestrial Sediment to the Global Coastal Ocean. Science. 2005;308:376–80. doi: 10.1126/science.1109454
7
Belletti B, Rinaldi M, Bussettini M, et al. Characterising physical habitats and fluvial hydromorphology: A new system for the survey and classification of river geomorphic units. Geomorphology. 2017;283:143–57. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.01.032
8
Brierley G, Hooke J. Emerging geomorphic approaches to guide river management practices. Geomorphology. 2015;251:1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.08.019
9
Brierley GJ, Fryirs KA. Geomorphology and river management: applications of the river styles framework. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub 2005.
10
Brierley G, Fryirs K, Cullum C, et al. Reading the landscape: Integrating the theory and practice of geomorphology to develop place-based understandings of river systems. Progress in Physical Geography. 2013;37:601–21. doi: 10.1177/0309133313490007
11
Brierley G, Hooke J. Emerging geomorphic approaches to guide river management practices. Geomorphology. 2015;251:1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.08.019
12
Fryirs KA, Brierley GJ. Geomorphic analysis of river systems: an approach to reading the landscape. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley 2013.
13
Gurnell AM, Rinaldi M, Belletti B, et al. A multi-scale hierarchical framework for developing understanding of river behaviour to support river management. Aquatic Sciences. 2016;78:1–16. doi: 10.1007/s00027-015-0424-5
14
Roni P, Beechie TJ. Stream and watershed restoration: a guide to restoring riverine processes and habitats. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell 2013.
15
Wohl EE. Rivers in the landscape: science and management. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Inc 2014.
16
Ebooks Corporation Limited. Tools in fluvial geomorphology. Second edition. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons 2016.
17
Reid HE, Brierley GJ. Assessing geomorphic sensitivity in relation to river capacity for adjustment. Geomorphology. 2015;251:108–21. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.09.009
18
Smith MJ, Paron P, Griffiths JS. Geomorphological mapping: methods and applications. 1st ed. Oxford: Elsevier 2011.
19
Davies TRH, Lee AL. Physical hydraulic modelling of width reduction and bed level change in braided rivers. Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand). ;27:113–27.
20
Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand).
21
Burt TP, Allison RJ. Sediment cascades: an integrated approach. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell 2010.
22
Davies TRH, McSaveney MJ, Clarkson PJ. Anthropic aggradation of the Waiho River, Westland, New Zealand: microscale modelling. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2003;28:209–18. doi: 10.1002/esp.449
23
Korup O. Geomorphic imprint of landslides on alpine river systems, southwest New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2005;30:783–800. doi: 10.1002/esp.1171
24
Korup O, Densmore AL, Schlunegger F. The role of landslides in mountain range evolution. Geomorphology. 2010;120:77–90. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.09.017
25
Cox et al SC. GNS Science report 2014/07 : Activity of the landslide Te Horo and Te Koroka fan, Dart River, New Zealand during January 2014.
26
Thomas et al JS. GNS Science report 2009/43: 42 years evolution of Slip Stream landslide and fan, Dart River, New Zealand.
27
CIWEM. Floods and dredging: a reality check. 2014.
28
Kummu M. Water management in Angkor: Human impacts on hydrology and sediment transportation. Journal of Environmental Management. 2009;90:1413–21. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.08.007
29
Diamond JM. Collapse: how societies choose to fail or survive. London: Penguin Books 2006.
30
Belletti B, Rinaldi M, Buijse AD, et al. A review of assessment methods for river hydromorphology. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2015;73:2079–100. doi: 10.1007/s12665-014-3558-1
31
J. M. Buffington. Geomorphic classification of rivers. ;730–67.
32
Ebooks Corporation Limited. Tools in fluvial geomorphology. Second edition. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons 2016.
33
Rinaldi M, Gurnell AM, del Tánago MG, et al. Classification of river morphology and hydrology to support management and restoration. Aquatic Sciences. 2016;78:17–33. doi: 10.1007/s00027-015-0438-z
34
Tadaki M, Brierley G, Cullum C. River classification: theory, practice, politics. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water. 2014;n/a-n/a. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1026
35
Beechie T, Imaki H. Predicting natural channel patterns based on landscape and geomorphic controls in the Columbia River basin, USA. Water Resources Research. 2014;50:39–57. doi: 10.1002/2013WR013629
36
Brierley GJ. River Styles, a Geomorphic Approach to Catchment Characterization: Implications for River Rehabilitation in Bega Catchment, New South Wales, Australia. Environmental Management. 2000;25:661–79. doi: 10.1007/s002670010052
37
River Styles. http://www.riverstyles.com/
38
Lave R, Doyle M, Robertson M. Privatizing stream restoration in the US. Social Studies of Science. 2010;40:677–703. doi: 10.1177/0306312710379671
39
Montgomery DR. Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins. GSA Bulletin. 1997;109:596–611.
40
Rosgen DL. A classification of natural rivers. CATENA. 1994;22:169–99. doi: 10.1016/0341-8162(94)90001-9
41
Modular River Survey. http://modularriversurvey.org/
42
Rinaldi M, Gurnell AM, del Tánago MG, et al. Classification of river morphology and hydrology to support management and restoration. Aquatic Sciences. 2016;78:17–33. doi: 10.1007/s00027-015-0438-z
43
Smith SM, Prestegaard KL. Hydraulic performance of a morphology-based stream channel design. Water Resources Research. 2005;41:n/a-n/a. doi: 10.1029/2004WR003926
44
Kasprak A, Hough-Snee N, Beechie T, et al. The Blurred Line between Form and Process: A Comparison of Stream Channel Classification Frameworks. PLOS ONE. 2016;11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150293
45
Scottish Environmental Protection Agency. Supporting guidance (WAT-SG-21): Environmental Standards for River Morphology.
46
Pender G, Faulkner H. Flood risk science and management. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell 2011.
47
Cabinet Office. National Flood Resilience Review. 2016.
48
Burt S, McCarthy M, Kendon M, et al. Cumbrian floods, 5/6 December 2015. Weather. 2016;71:36–7. doi: 10.1002/wea.2704
49
Ferranti E, Chapman L, Whyatt D. A Perfect Storm? The collapse of Lancaster’s critical infrastructure networks following intense rainfall on 4/5 December 2015. Weather. 2017;72:3–7. doi: 10.1002/wea.2907
50
Marsh et al T. The winter floods of 2015/2016 in the UK.
51
Cabinet office. The Pitt Review: Lessons learned from the 2007 floods.
52
Thorne C. Geographies of UK flooding in 2013/4. The Geographical Journal. 2014;180:297–309. doi: 10.1111/geoj.12122
53
National River Flow Archive: Occasional Reports. http://nrfa.ceh.ac.uk/occasional-reports
54
Gregory KJ, Goudie A. The SAGE handbook of geomorphology. London: SAGE 2011.
55
Slater LJ, Singer MB, Kirchner JW. Hydrologic versus geomorphic drivers of trends in flood hazard. Geophysical Research Letters. 2015;42:370–6. doi: 10.1002/2014GL062482
56
Slater LJ. To what extent have changes in channel capacity contributed to flood hazard trends in England and Wales? Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2016;41:1115–28. doi: 10.1002/esp.3927
57
Olsen JR. Climate Change and Floodplain Management in the United States. Climatic Change. 2006;76:407–26. doi: 10.1007/s10584-005-9020-3
58
Schottler SP, Ulrich J, Belmont P, et al. Twentieth century agricultural drainage creates more erosive rivers. Hydrological Processes. 2014;28:1951–61. doi: 10.1002/hyp.9738
59
Alfieri L, Bisselink B, Dottori F, et al. Global projections of river flood risk in a warmer world. Earth’s Future. Published Online First: January 2017. doi: 10.1002/2016EF000485
60
Jongman B, Ward PJ, Aerts JCJH. Global exposure to river and coastal flooding: Long term trends and changes. Global Environmental Change. 2012;22:823–35. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.004
61
Jongman B, Hochrainer-Stigler S, Feyen L, et al. Increasing stress on disaster-risk finance due to large floods. Nature Climate Change. 2014;4:264–8. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2124
62
Hirabayashi Y, Mahendran R, Koirala S, et al. Global flood risk under climate change. Nature Climate Change. 2013;3:816–21. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1911
63
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction 2015.
64
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters. The human cost of weather-related disasters 1995-2015.
65
Scotland & Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research. A handbook of climate trends across Scotland (SNIFFER project CC03).
66
Jenkins GJ. The climate of the United Kingdom and recent trends. 2007.
67
Future flooding. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/future-flooding
68
Pall P, Aina T, Stone DA, et al. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas contribution to flood risk in England and Wales in autumn 2000. Nature. 2011;470:382–5. doi: 10.1038/nature09762
69
Schaller N, Kay AL, Lamb R, et al. Human influence on climate in the 2014 southern England winter floods and their impacts. Nature Climate Change. 2016;6:627–34. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2927
70
Beven KJ. Rainfall-runoff modelling: the primer. 2nd ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell 2012.
71
O’Connell PE, Ewen J, O’Donnell G, et al. Is there a link between agricultural land-use management and flooding? Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2007;11:96–107. doi: 10.5194/hess-11-96-2007
72
Beven KJ, Chappell N, Lamb R, et al. Hydrology in practice. 4th ed. London: Spon Press 2011.
73
Arnell NW, Halliday SJ, Battarbee RW, et al. The implications of climate change for the water environment in England. Progress in Physical Geography. 2015;39:93–120. doi: 10.1177/0309133314560369
74
Dixon SJ, Sear DA, Odoni NA, et al. The effects of river restoration on catchment scale flood risk and flood hydrology. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2016;41:997–1008. doi: 10.1002/esp.3919
75
Environment Agency. How to model and map catchment processes when flood risk management planning. 2016.
76
Environment Agency. Working with natural processes to reduce flood risk: science report. 2014.
77
Gao J, Holden J, Kirkby M. The impact of land-cover change on flood peaks in peatland basins. Water Resources Research. 2016;52:3477–92. doi: 10.1002/2015WR017667
78
JBA. Nature-based approaches for catchment flood management: an online catalogue. 2015.
79
SEPA. Natural flood management handbook. 2015.
80
Natural Water Retention Measures. http://nwrm.eu/
81
Working with natural processes to reduce flood risk : JBA Trust - Interactive map. http://www.jbatrust.org/news/working-with-natural-processes-to-reduce-flood-risk/
82
Grill G, Lehner B, Lumsdon AE, et al. An index-based framework for assessing patterns and trends in river fragmentation and flow regulation by global dams at multiple scales. Environmental Research Letters. 2015;10. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/015001
83
Lehner B, Reidy Liermann C, Revenga C, et al. High-resolution mapping of the world’s reservoirs and dams for sustainable river-flow management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2011;9:494–502.
84
Zarfl C, Lumsdon AE, Berlekamp J, et al. A global boom in hydropower dam construction. Aquatic Sciences. 2015;77:161–70. doi: 10.1007/s00027-014-0377-0
85
World Commission on Dams. Dams and development: a new framework for decision-making. 2000.
86
Magilligan FJ, Nislow KH. Changes in hydrologic regime by dams. Geomorphology. 2005;71:61–78. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.08.017
87
Sambrook Smith GH. Braided rivers: process, deposits, ecology, and management. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub 2006.
88
Kondolf GM. Hungry Water: Effects of Dams and Gravel Mining on River Channels. Environmental Management. 1997;21:533–51. doi: 10.1007/s002679900048
89
Kondolf GM, Rubin ZK, Minear JT. Dams on the Mekong: Cumulative sediment starvation. Water Resources Research. 2014;50:5158–69. doi: 10.1002/2013WR014651
90
Luo XX, Yang SL, Wang RS, et al. New evidence of Yangtze delta recession after closing of the Three Gorges Dam. Scientific Reports. 2017;7. doi: 10.1038/srep41735
91
Magilligan FJ, Nislow KH. Changes in hydrologic regime by dams. Geomorphology. 2005;71:61–78. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.08.017
92
Yang SL, Milliman JD, Li P, et al. 50,000 dams later: Erosion of the Yangtze River and its delta. Global and Planetary Change. 2011;75:14–20. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.09.006
93
Lessard J, Murray Hicks D, Snelder TH, et al. Dam Design can Impede Adaptive Management of Environmental Flows: A Case Study from the Opuha Dam, New Zealand. Environmental Management. 2013;51:459–73. doi: 10.1007/s00267-012-9971-x
94
East AE, Pess GR, Bountry JA, et al. Large-scale dam removal on the Elwha River, Washington, USA: River channel and floodplain geomorphic change. Geomorphology. 2015;228:765–86. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.08.028
95
Gartner JD, Magilligan FJ, Renshaw CE. Predicting the type, location and magnitude of geomorphic responses to dam removal: Role of hydrologic and geomorphic constraints. Geomorphology. 2015;251:20–30. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.02.023
96
Church MA, Biron P, Roy AG, et al. Gravel-bed rivers: processes, tools, environments. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell 2012.
97
Magilligan FJ, Nislow KH, Kynard BE, et al. Immediate changes in stream channel geomorphology, aquatic habitat, and fish assemblages following dam removal in a small upland catchment. Geomorphology. 2016;252:158–70. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.027
98
Major JJ, O’Connor JE, Podolak CJ, et al. Geomorphic Response of the Sandy River, Oregon, to Removal of Marmot Dam : U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1792. 2012.
99
O’Connor JE, Duda JJ, Grant GE. 1000 dams down and counting. Science. 2015;348:496–7. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9204
100
Pizzuto J. Effects of dam removal on river form and process. BioScience. ;52:683–91.
101
Engineering geology for society and territory: Volume 3: River basins, reservoir sedimentation and water resources. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing 2015.
102
Ryan Bellmore J, Duda JJ, Craig LS, et al. Status and trends of dam removal research in the United States. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water. 2017;4. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1164
103
Young SM, Ishiga H. Environmental change of the fluvial-estuary system in relation to Arase Dam removal of the Yatsushiro tidal flat, SW Kyushu, Japan. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2014;72:2301–14. doi: 10.1007/s12665-014-3139-3
104
Marmot Dam Removal. 30 AD.
105
Elwha River following dam removal. 2 AD.
106
Elwha River Restoration Project - videos. https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/elwha/products.html#videos
108
CIRIA. River weirs - Design, maintenance, modification and removal. 2016.
109
Hawley S. Recovering a lost river: removing dams, rewilding salmon, revitalizing communities. Boston, Mass: Beacon Press 2012.
110
Lichatowich J. Salmon without rivers: a history of the Pacific salmon crisis. Washington, D.C.: Island Press 1999.
111
Mapes L, Ringman S. Elwha: a river reborn. First edition. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers Books 2013.
112
CIWEM. Integrated Water Management. 2011.
113
defra. Making space for water: Taking forward a new Government strategy for flood and coastal erosion risk management in England. 2005.
114
Institute for European Environmental Policy. The potential policy and environmental consequences for the UK of a departure from the European Union. 2016. http://www.ieep.eu/news/2016/08/the-uk-referendum-what-it-means-for-the-environment-and-for-ieep
115
Kallis G. The EU water framework directive: measures and implications. Water Policy. 2001;3:125–42. doi: 10.1016/S1366-7017(01)00007-1
116
Royal Geographical Society. Water policy in the UK: the challenges. 2012.
117
RSPB. Flooding in focus. 2014.
118
SEPA. Supporting Guidance (WAT-SG-21) : Environmental Standards for River Morphology. 2012.
119
SEPA. Scotland River Basin District : Characterisation and impacts analyses required by article 5 of the Water Framework Directive. 2005.
120
SEPA. Significant water management issues in the Scotland river basin district. 2007.
121
SEPA. Flood Risk Management Strategies and Local Flood Risk Management Plans. 2011.
122
Beven KJ, Chappell N, Lamb R, et al. Hydrology in practice. 4th ed. London: Spon Press 2011.
123
Maddock I, Harby A, Kemp P, et al., editors. Ecohydraulics: an integrated approach. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell 2013.
124
Coaker TH. Advances in applied biology: Vol. 6: edited by T.H. Coaker. London: Academic Press 1981.
125
Moir HJ, Pasternack GB. Relationships between mesoscale morphological units, stream hydraulics and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) spawning habitat on the Lower Yuba River, California. Geomorphology. 2008;100:527–48. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.02.001
126
Moir HJ, Gibbins CN, Soulsby C, et al. PHABSIM modelling of Atlantic salmon spawning habitat in an upland stream: testing the influence of habitat suitability indices on model output. River Research and Applications. 2005;21:1021–34. doi: 10.1002/rra.869
127
Moir HJ, Gibbins CN, Soulsby C, et al. Linking channel geomorphic characteristics to spatial patterns of spawning activity and discharge use by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Geomorphology. 2004;60:21–35. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.014
128
Beechie TJ, Sear DA, Olden JD, et al. Process-based Principles for Restoring River Ecosystems. BioScience. 2010;60:209–22. doi: 10.1525/bio.2010.60.3.7
129
Brierley G, Hooke J. Emerging geomorphic approaches to guide river management practices. Geomorphology. 2015;251:1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.08.019
130
James LA. Designing forward with an eye to the past: Morphogenesis of the lower Yuba River. Geomorphology. 2015;251:31–49. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.009
131
Newson MalcolmD, Large ARG. ‘Natural’ rivers, ‘hydromorphological quality’ and river restoration: a challenging new agenda for applied fluvial geomorphology. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2006;31:1606–24. doi: 10.1002/esp.1430
132
Raven EK, Lane SN, Bracken LJ. Understanding sediment transfer and morphological change for managing upland gravel-bed rivers. Progress in Physical Geography. 2010;34:23–45. doi: 10.1177/0309133309355631
133
Wohl E, Merritts DJ. What Is a Natural River? Geography Compass. 2007;1:871–900. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00049.x
134
Bernhardt ES. Ecology: Synthesizing U.S. River Restoration Efforts. Science. 2005;308:636–7. doi: 10.1126/science.1109769
135
Beechie TJ, Sear DA, Olden JD, et al. Process-based Principles for Restoring River Ecosystems. BioScience. 2010;60:209–22. doi: 10.1525/bio.2010.60.3.7
136
Downs P, Kondolf GM. Post-Project Appraisals in Adaptive Management of River Channel Restoration. Environmental Management. 2002;29:477–96. doi: 10.1007/s00267-001-0035-X
137
Gilvear DJ, Casas-Mulet R, Spray CJ. Trends and issues in delivery of integrated catchment scale river restoration: Lessons learned from a national river restoration survey within Scotland. River Research and Applications. 2012;28:234–46. doi: 10.1002/rra.1437
138
Koebel JW, Bousquin SG. The Kissimmee River Restoration Project and Evaluation Program, Florida, U.S.A. Restoration Ecology. 2014;22:345–52. doi: 10.1111/rec.12063
139
Morandi B, Piégay H, Lamouroux N, et al. How is success or failure in river restoration projects evaluated? Feedback from French restoration projects. Journal of Environmental Management. 2014;137:178–88. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.02.010
140
Palmer MA, Menninger HL, Bernhardt E. River restoration, habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity: a failure of theory or practice? Freshwater Biology. 2010;55:205–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02372.x
141
Podolak CJP. A visual framework for displaying, communicating and coordinating a river restoration monitoring project. River Research and Applications. 2014;30:527–35. doi: 10.1002/rra.2651
142
Simon A, Bennett SJ, Castro JM, et al. Stream restoration in dynamic fluvial systems: scientific approaches, analyses, and tools. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union 2011.
143
Smith B, Clifford NJ, Mant J. Analysis of UK river restoration using broad-scale data sets. Water and Environment Journal. 2014;28:490–501. doi: 10.1111/wej.12063
144
Wohl E, Lane SN, Wilcox AC. The science and practice of river restoration. Water Resources Research. 2015;51:5974–97. doi: 10.1002/2014WR016874
145
The River Restoration Centre. http://www.therrc.co.uk/
146
ECRR website. http://www.ecrr.org/
147
Ashmore P. Towards a sociogeomorphology of rivers. Geomorphology. 2015;251:149–56. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.02.020
148
Dufour S, Piégay H. From the myth of a lost paradise to targeted river restoration: forget natural references and focus on human benefits. River Research and Applications. 2009;25:568–81. doi: 10.1002/rra.1239
