Anderson, C. (2011) ‘Between creative and quantified audiences: Web metrics and changing patterns of newswork in local US newsrooms’, Journalism, 12(5), pp. 550–566. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911402451.
Åström, J. and Karlsson, M. (2013) ‘Blogging in the Shadow of Parties: Exploring Ideological Differences in Online Campaigning’, Political Communication, 30(3), pp. 434–455. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2012.737430.
Bailard, C.S. (2012) ‘A Field Experiment on the Internet’s Effect in an African Election: Savvier Citizens, Disaffected Voters, or Both?’, Journal of Communication, 62(2), pp. 330–344. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01632.x.
Baum, M.A. and Groeling, T. (2008) ‘New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse’, Political Communication, 25(4), pp. 345–365. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600802426965.
Bennett, W.L. and Iyengar, S. (2008) ‘A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication’, Journal of Communication, 58(4), pp. 707–731. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x.
Bennett, W.L. and Iyengar, S. (2010) ‘The Shifting Foundations of Political Communication: Responding to a Defense of the Media Effects Paradigm’, Journal of Communication, 60(1), pp. 35–39. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01471.x.
Benson, R. et al. (2012) ‘Media Systems Online and Off: Comparing the Form of News in the United States, Denmark, and France’, Journal of Communication, 62(1), pp. 21–38. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01625.x.
‘Blogs and Bullets II: New Media and Conflict After the Arab Spring’ (no date). Available at: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW80.pdf.
‘Blogs and Bullets: New Media in Contentious Politics’ (no date). Available at: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/pw65.pdf.
Boczkowski, P.J., Mitchelstein, E. and Walter, M. (2011) ‘Convergence Across Divergence: Understanding the Gap in the Online News Choices of Journalists and Consumers in Western Europe and Latin America’, Communication Research, 38(3), pp. 376–396. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210384989.
Bode, L. (2012) ‘Facebooking It to the Polls: A Study in Online Social Networking and Political Behavior’, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 9(4), pp. 352–369. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2012.709045.
Bond, R.M. et al. (2012) ‘A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization’, Nature, 489(7415), pp. 295–298. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11421.
Borah, P. (2012) ‘Does It Matter Where You Read the News Story? Interaction of Incivility and News Frames in the Political Blogosphere’, Communication Research [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212449353.
Boulianne, S. (2009) ‘Does Internet Use Affect Engagement? A Meta-Analysis of Research’, Political Communication, 26(2), pp. 193–211. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600902854363.
Cain, G. (2014) ‘Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 19(1), pp. 85–107. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161213508814.
Chadwick, A. and Oxford University Press (2013) The hybrid media system: politics and power. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.001.0001.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., and Dawson Books (2010a) Routledge handbook of internet politics [electronic resource]. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203962541.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., and Dawson Books (2010b) Routledge handbook of internet politics [electronic resource]. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203962541.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., and Dawson Books (2010c) Routledge handbook of internet politics [electronic resource]. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203962541.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., and Dawson Books (2010d) Routledge handbook of internet politics [electronic resource]. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203962541.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., and Dawson Books (2010e) Routledge handbook of internet politics [electronic resource]. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203962541.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., and Dawson Books (2010f) Routledge handbook of internet politics [electronic resource]. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203962541.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., and Dawson Books (2010g) Routledge handbook of internet politics [electronic resource]. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780203962541.
Choucri, Nazli (2012) Cyberpolitics in international relations. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Clarke, Richard A. (Richard Alan), 1951- (2012) Cyber war: the next threat to national security and what to do about it, Clarke: Robert K. Knake. 1st Ecco pbk. ed. New York: Ecco.
Coleman, Stephen and Blumler, Jay G. (2009) The Internet and democratic citizenship: theory, practice and policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
‘Conflict Dynamics and Public Communication: Evidence from the 2012 Gaza Conflict’ (no date). Available at: https://www.princeton.edu/politics/about/file-repository/public/Colloq_Zeitz_Communication_Gaza.pdf.
Curran, James, Fenton, Natalie, and Freedman, Des (2012) Misunderstanding the Internet. London: Routledge.
DiGrazia, J. et al. (2013) ‘More Tweets, More Votes: Social Media as a Quantitative Indicator of Political Behavior’, SSRN Electronic Journal [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2235423.
Dimitrova, D.V. et al. (2014) ‘The Effects of Digital Media on Political Knowledge and Participation in Election Campaigns: Evidence From Panel Data’, Communication Research, 41(1), pp. 95–118. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211426004.
Dipert, R.R. (2010) ‘The Ethics of Cyberwarfare’, Journal of Military Ethics, 9(4), pp. 384–410. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2010.536404.
Eberle, C.J. (2013) ‘JUST WAR AND CYBERWAR’, Journal of Military Ethics, 12(1), pp. 54–67. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2013.782638.
Edwards, Michael (2011a) The Oxford handbook of civil society [electronic resource]. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398571.001.0001.
Edwards, Michael (2011b) The Oxford handbook of civil society [electronic resource]. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195398571.001.0001.
Enjolras, B., Steen-Johnsen, K. and Wollebaek, D. (2013) ‘Social media and mobilization to offline demonstrations: Transcending participatory divides?’, New Media & Society, 15(6), pp. 890–908. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812462844.
Farrell, H. (2012) ‘The Consequences of the Internet for Politics’, Annual Review of Political Science, 15(1), pp. 35–52. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-030810-110815.
Gainous, Jason and Wagner, Kevin M. (2011) Rebooting American politics: the Internet revolution. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Gartzke, E. (2013) ‘The Myth of Cyberwar: Bringing War in Cyberspace Back Down to Earth’, International Security, 38(2), pp. 41–73. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00136.
Gaskins, B. and Jerit, J. (2012) ‘Internet News: Is It a Replacement for Traditional Media Outlets?’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 17(2), pp. 190–213. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211434640.
GILBOA, E. (2005) ‘The CNN Effect: The Search for a Communication Theory of International Relations’, Political Communication, 22(1), pp. 27–44. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600590908429.
Hamdy, N. and Gomaa, E.H. (2012) ‘Framing the Egyptian Uprising in Arabic Language Newspapers and Social Media’, Journal of Communication, 62(2), pp. 195–211. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01637.x.
Hampton, K.N. (2010) ‘Internet Use and the Concentration of Disadvantage: Glocalization and the Urban Underclass’, American Behavioral Scientist, 53(8), pp. 1111–1132. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209356244.
Harrison, J. (2010) ‘User-Generated Content and Gatekeeping at the BBC Hub’, Journalism Studies, 11(2), pp. 243–256. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700903290593.
Hassanpour, N. (2011) ‘Media Disruption Exacerbates Revolutionary Unrest: Evidence from Mubarak’s Natural Experiment (APSA 2011 Annual Meeting Paper)’. Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1903351.
Hassid, J. (2012) ‘Safety Valve or Pressure Cooker? Blogs in Chinese Political Life’, Journal of Communication, 62(2), pp. 212–230. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01634.x.
Hindman, Matthew Scott (2009) The myth of digital democracy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Holbert, R.L., Garrett, R.K. and Gleason, L.S. (2010) ‘A New Era of Minimal Effects? A Response to Bennett and Iyengar’, Journal of Communication, 60(1), pp. 15–34. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01470.x.
Howard, Philip N., Hussain, Muzammil M., and Oxford University Press (2013a) Democracy’s fourth wave?: digital media and the Arab Spring [electronic resource]. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199936953.001.0001.
Howard, Philip N., Hussain, Muzammil M., and Oxford University Press (2013b) Democracy’s fourth wave?: digital media and the Arab Spring [electronic resource]. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199936953.001.0001.
Howard, Philip N., Hussain, Muzammil M., and Oxford University Press (2013c) Democracy’s fourth wave?: digital media and the Arab Spring [electronic resource]. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199936953.001.0001.
Howard, Philip N. and Oxford University Press (2010) The digital origins of dictatorship and democracy: information technology and political Islam [electronic resource]. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736416.001.0001.
Howard, P.N., Agarwal, S.D. and Hussain, M.M. (2011) ‘When Do States Disconnect Their Digital Networks? Regime Responses to the Political Uses of Social Media’, The Communication Review, 14(3), pp. 216–232. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2011.597254.
Howard, P.N. and Parks, M.R. (2012) ‘Social Media and Political Change: Capacity, Constraint, and Consequence’, Journal of Communication, 62(2), pp. 359–362. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01626.x.
Humprecht, E. and Buchel, F. (2013) ‘More of the Same or Marketplace of Opinions? A Cross-National Comparison of Diversity in Online News Reporting’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(4), pp. 436–461. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161213497595.
James, D. (2013) ‘Social Networking Sarajevo Roses: Digital Representations of Postconflict Civil Life in (the Former) Yugoslavia’, Journal of Communication, 63(5), pp. 975–992. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12057.
Karpf, David (2012) The MoveOn effect: the unexpected transformation of American political advocacy [electronic resource]. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199898367.001.0001.
Kenski, K. and Stroud, N.J. (2006) ‘Connections Between Internet Use and Political Efficacy, Knowledge, and Participation’, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(2), pp. 173–192. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem5002_1.
KING, G., PAN, J. and ROBERTS, M.E. (2013) ‘How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression’, American Political Science Review, 107(02), pp. 326–343. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000014.
Küng-Shankleman, Lucy, Picard, Robert G., and Towse, Ruth (2008) The internet and the mass media. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
Lance Bennett, W., Breunig, C. and Givens, T. (2008) ‘Communication and Political Mobilization: Digital Media and the Organization of Anti-Iraq War Demonstrations in the U.S.’, Political Communication, 25(3), pp. 269–289. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600802197434.
Lawrence, E., Sides, J. and Farrell, H. (2010) ‘Self-Segregation or Deliberation? Blog Readership, Participation, and Polarization in American Politics’, Perspectives on Politics, 8(01). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592709992714.
Lee, A.M., Lewis, S.C. and Powers, M. (2012) ‘Audience Clicks and News Placement: A Study of Time-Lagged Influence in Online Journalism’, Communication Research [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212467031.
Lee, E.-J. and Oh, S.Y. (2013) ‘Seek and You Shall Find? How Need for Orientation Moderates Knowledge Gain from Twitter Use’, Journal of Communication, 63(4), pp. 745–765. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12041.
Lei, Y.-W. (2011) ‘The Political Consequences of the Rise of the Internet: Political Beliefs and Practices of Chinese Netizens’, Political Communication, 28(3), pp. 291–322. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2011.572449.
M. M. Hussain (2012) ‘Journalism’s digital disconnect: The growth of campaign content and entertainment gatekeepers in viral political information’, Journalism, 13(8), pp. 1024–1040. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911433253.
Norris, Pippa (2001) Digital divide: civic engagement, information poverty and the Internet worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, Pippa et al. (2003) Framing terrorism: the news media, the government and the public [electronic resource]. New York: Routledge. Available at: http://www.GLA.eblib.com/EBLWeb/patron/?target=patron&extendedid=E_426278_0.
Papacharissi, Z. and de Fatima Oliveira, M. (2008) ‘News Frames Terrorism: A Comparative Analysis of Frames Employed in Terrorism Coverage in U.S. and U.K. Newspapers’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(1), pp. 52–74. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161207312676.
Papacharissi, Zizi (2010) A private sphere: democracy in a digital age. Cambridge: Polity.
Pearce, K.E. and Kendzior, S. (2012) ‘Networked Authoritarianism and Social Media in Azerbaijan’, Journal of Communication, 62(2), pp. 283–298. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01633.x.
Qin, J. et al. (2007) ‘Analyzing terror campaigns on the internet: Technical sophistication, content richness, and Web interactivity’, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 65(1), pp. 71–84. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.08.012.
Reuter, O.J.J. and Szakonyi, D. (2012) ‘Online Social Media and Political Awareness in Autocratic Regimes’, SSRN Electronic Journal [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2148690.
Reveron, Derek S. and Ebooks Corporation Limited (2012) Cyberspace and national security: threats, opportunities, and power in a virtual world [electronic resource]. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Available at: http://www.GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1029588.
Rid, T. (2012) ‘Cyber War Will Not Take Place’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 35(1), pp. 5–32. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2011.608939.
Robinson, S. (2011) ‘Convergence Crises: News Work and News Space in the Digitally Transforming Newsroom’, Journal of Communication, 61(6), pp. 1122–1141. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01603.x.
Rojas, H. and Puig-i-Abril, E. (2009) ‘Mobilizers Mobilized: Information, Expression, Mobilization and Participation in the Digital Age’, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), pp. 902–927. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01475.x.
Seib, Philip M. and Janbek, Dana M. (2011) Global terrorism and new media: the post Al-Qaeda generation. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Shapiro, Robert Y. and Jacobs, Lawrence R. (2011a) The Oxford handbook of American public opinion and the media [electronic resource]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545636.001.0001.
Shapiro, Robert Y. and Jacobs, Lawrence R. (2011b) The Oxford handbook of American public opinion and the media [electronic resource]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545636.001.0001.
Shapiro, Robert Y. and Jacobs, Lawrence R. (2011c) The Oxford handbook of American public opinion and the media [electronic resource]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199545636.001.0001.
Shaw, A. and Benkler, Y. (2012) ‘A Tale of Two Blogospheres: Discursive Practices on the Left and Right’, American Behavioral Scientist, 56(4), pp. 459–487. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764211433793.
Stone, J. (2013) ‘Cyber War Take Place!’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 36(1), pp. 101–108. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2012.730485.
Swigger, N. (2013) ‘The Online Citizen: Is Social Media Changing Citizens’ Beliefs About Democratic Values?’, Political Behavior, 35(3), pp. 589–603. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-012-9208-y.
Terrorism Coverage and the Fear of Terrorism by Aaron M. Hoffman, Chris Kowal, Jose Kaire de Francisco :: SSRN (no date). Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2301112.
Tewksbury, David and Rittenberg, Jason (2012a) News on the internet: information and citizenship in the 21st century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tewksbury, David and Rittenberg, Jason (2012b) News on the internet: information and citizenship in the 21st century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
The Fog of Cyberwar (no date). Available at: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138443/brandon-valeriano-and-ryan-maness/the-fog-of-cyberwar?page=show.
Thorson, K. et al. (2010) ‘Youtube and Proposition 8’, Information, Communication & Society, 13(3), pp. 325–349. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180903497060.
Tufekci, Z. and Wilson, C. (2012) ‘Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square’, Journal of Communication, 62(2), pp. 363–379. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x.
‘Using Twitter to Mobilise Protest Action: Transnational Online Mobilisation Patterns and Action Repertoires in the Occupy Wall Street, Indignados and Aganaktismenoi Movements’ (no date). Available at: http://dl.conjugateprior.org/preprints/ecprjs-theocharis-et-al.pdf.
USIP – Social Media Reporting and the Syrian Civil War (no date). Available at: http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/191-the-crisis-in-syria/4876-usip-social-media-reporting-and-the-syrian-civil-war.
Vaccari, C. (2013) ‘From echo chamber to persuasive device? Rethinking the role of the Internet in campaigns’, New Media & Society, 15(1), pp. 109–127. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812457336.
Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A. and Scherman, A. (2012) ‘The Social Media Basis of Youth Protest Behavior: The Case of Chile’, Journal of Communication, 62(2), pp. 299–314. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01635.x.
Valenzuela, S., Park, N. and Kee, K.F. (2009) ‘Is There Social Capital in a Social Network Site?: Facebook Use and College Students’ Life Satisfaction, Trust, and Participation’, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(4), pp. 875–901. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x.
Weimann, Gabriel (2006) Terror on the Internet: the new arena, the new challenges. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Wojcieszak, M. (2009) ‘"Carrying Online Participation Offline”-Mobilization by Radical Online Groups and Politically Dissimilar Offline Ties’, Journal of Communication, 59(3), pp. 564–586. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01436.x.
Xenos, M. and Moy, P. (2007) ‘Direct and Differential Effects of the Internet on Political and Civic Engagement’, Journal of Communication, 57(4), pp. 704–718. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00364.x.
Youmans, W.L. and York, J.C. (2012) ‘Social Media and the Activist Toolkit: User Agreements, Corporate Interests, and the Information Infrastructure of Modern Social Movements’, Journal of Communication, 62(2), pp. 315–329. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01636.x.
Yuan, E.J., Feng, M. and Danowski, J.A. (2013) ‘"Privacy” in Semantic Networks on Chinese Social Media: The Case of Sina Weibo’, Journal of Communication, 63(6), pp. 1011–1031. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12058.
Zeitzoff, T. (2011) ‘Using Social Media to Measure Conflict Dynamics: An Application to the 2008-2009 Gaza Conflict’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(6), pp. 938–969. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002711408014.
