1.
Tewksbury, David, Rittenberg, Jason: News on the internet: information and citizenship in the 21st century. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012).
2.
Howard, Philip N., Hussain, Muzammil M., Oxford University Press: Democracy’s fourth wave?: digital media and the Arab Spring. Oxford University Press, New York (2013).
3.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., Dawson Books: Routledge handbook of internet politics. Routledge, London (2010).
4.
Hindman, Matthew Scott: The myth of digital democracy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. (2009).
5.
Howard, Philip N., Oxford University Press: The digital origins of dictatorship and democracy: information technology and political Islam. Oxford University Press, New York (2010).
6.
Chadwick, A., Oxford University Press: The hybrid media system: politics and power. Oxford University Press, New York (2013).
7.
Curran, James, Fenton, Natalie, Freedman, Des: Misunderstanding the Internet. Routledge, London (2012).
8.
Karpf, David: The MoveOn effect: the unexpected transformation of American political advocacy. Oxford University Press, New York (2012).
9.
Papacharissi, Zizi: A private sphere: democracy in a digital age. Polity, Cambridge (2010).
10.
Seib, Philip M., Janbek, Dana M.: Global terrorism and new media: the post Al-Qaeda generation. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon (2011).
11.
Gainous, Jason, Wagner, Kevin M.: Rebooting American politics: the Internet revolution. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, MD (2011).
12.
Farrell, H.: The Consequences of the Internet for Politics. Annual Review of Political Science. 15, 35–52 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-030810-110815.
13.
Edwards, Michael: The Oxford handbook of civil society. Oxford University Press, New York (2011).
14.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., Dawson Books: Routledge handbook of internet politics. Routledge, London (2010).
15.
Edwards, Michael: The Oxford handbook of civil society. Oxford University Press, New York (2011).
16.
Benson, R., Blach-Ørsten, M., Powers, M., Willig, I., Zambrano, S.V.: Media Systems Online and Off: Comparing the Form of News in the United States, Denmark, and France. Journal of Communication. 62, 21–38 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01625.x.
17.
Tewksbury, David, Rittenberg, Jason: News on the internet: information and citizenship in the 21st century. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2012).
18.
Shapiro, Robert Y., Jacobs, Lawrence R.: The Oxford handbook of American public opinion and the media. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2011).
19.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., Dawson Books: Routledge handbook of internet politics. Routledge, London (2010).
20.
Lee, A.M., Lewis, S.C., Powers, M.: Audience Clicks and News Placement: A Study of Time-Lagged Influence in Online Journalism. Communication Research. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212467031.
21.
Anderson, C.: Between creative and quantified audiences: Web metrics and changing patterns of newswork in local US newsrooms. Journalism. 12, 550–566 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911402451.
22.
Harrison, J.: User-Generated Content and Gatekeeping at the BBC Hub. Journalism Studies. 11, 243–256 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700903290593.
23.
Gaskins, B., Jerit, J.: Internet News: Is It a Replacement for Traditional Media Outlets? The International Journal of Press/Politics. 17, 190–213 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211434640.
24.
Robinson, S.: Convergence Crises: News Work and News Space in the Digitally Transforming Newsroom. Journal of Communication. 61, 1122–1141 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01603.x.
25.
Humprecht, E., Buchel, F.: More of the Same or Marketplace of Opinions? A Cross-National Comparison of Diversity in Online News Reporting. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 18, 436–461 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161213497595.
26.
M. M. Hussain: Journalism’s digital disconnect: The growth of campaign content and entertainment gatekeepers in viral political information. Journalism. 13, 1024–1040 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884911433253.
27.
Küng-Shankleman, Lucy, Picard, Robert G., Towse, Ruth: The internet and the mass media. SAGE, Los Angeles, CA (2008).
28.
Boczkowski, P.J., Mitchelstein, E., Walter, M.: Convergence Across Divergence: Understanding the Gap in the Online News Choices of Journalists and Consumers in Western Europe and Latin America. Communication Research. 38, 376–396 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210384989.
29.
Shapiro, Robert Y., Jacobs, Lawrence R.: The Oxford handbook of American public opinion and the media. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2011).
30.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., Dawson Books: Routledge handbook of internet politics. Routledge, London (2010).
31.
Boulianne, S.: Does Internet Use Affect Engagement? A Meta-Analysis of Research. Political Communication. 26, 193–211 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600902854363.
32.
Swigger, N.: The Online Citizen: Is Social Media Changing Citizens’ Beliefs About Democratic Values? Political Behavior. 35, 589–603 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-012-9208-y.
33.
Bailard, C.S.: A Field Experiment on the Internet’s Effect in an African Election: Savvier Citizens, Disaffected Voters, or Both? Journal of Communication. 62, 330–344 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01632.x.
34.
Norris, Pippa: Digital divide: civic engagement, information poverty and the Internet worldwide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001).
35.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., Dawson Books: Routledge handbook of internet politics. Routledge, London (2010).
36.
Valenzuela, S., Park, N., Kee, K.F.: Is There Social Capital in a Social Network Site?: Facebook Use and College Students’ Life Satisfaction, Trust, and Participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 14, 875–901 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x.
37.
Dimitrova, D.V., Shehata, A., Stromback, J., Nord, L.W.: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Knowledge and Participation in Election Campaigns: Evidence From Panel Data. Communication Research. 41, 95–118 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211426004.
38.
Hampton, K.N.: Internet Use and the Concentration of Disadvantage: Glocalization and the Urban Underclass. American Behavioral Scientist. 53, 1111–1132 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209356244.
39.
Lee, E.-J., Oh, S.Y.: Seek and You Shall Find? How Need for Orientation Moderates Knowledge Gain from Twitter Use. Journal of Communication. 63, 745–765 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12041.
40.
Bode, L.: Facebooking It to the Polls: A Study in Online Social Networking and Political Behavior. Journal of Information Technology & Politics. 9, 352–369 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2012.709045.
41.
Vaccari, C.: From echo chamber to persuasive device? Rethinking the role of the Internet in campaigns. New Media & Society. 15, 109–127 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812457336.
42.
Coleman, Stephen, Blumler, Jay G.: The Internet and democratic citizenship: theory, practice and policy. Cambridge University Press, New York (2009).
43.
Using Twitter to Mobilise Protest Action: Transnational Online Mobilisation Patterns and Action Repertoires in the Occupy Wall Street, Indignados and Aganaktismenoi Movements, http://dl.conjugateprior.org/preprints/ecprjs-theocharis-et-al.pdf.
44.
Thorson, K., Ekdale, B., Borah, P., Namkoong, K., Shah, C.: Youtube and Proposition 8. Information, Communication & Society. 13, 325–349 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180903497060.
45.
Enjolras, B., Steen-Johnsen, K., Wollebaek, D.: Social media and mobilization to offline demonstrations: Transcending participatory divides? New Media & Society. 15, 890–908 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812462844.
46.
Lance Bennett, W., Breunig, C., Givens, T.: Communication and Political Mobilization: Digital Media and the Organization of Anti-Iraq War Demonstrations in the U.S. Political Communication. 25, 269–289 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600802197434.
47.
Bond, R.M., Fariss, C.J., Jones, J.J., Kramer, A.D.I., Marlow, C., Settle, J.E., Fowler, J.H.: A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization. Nature. 489, 295–298 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11421.
48.
Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A., Scherman, A.: The Social Media Basis of Youth Protest Behavior: The Case of Chile. Journal of Communication. 62, 299–314 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01635.x.
49.
Kenski, K., Stroud, N.J.: Connections Between Internet Use and Political Efficacy, Knowledge, and Participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 50, 173–192 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem5002_1.
50.
DiGrazia, J., McKelvey, K., Bollen, J., Rojas, F.: More Tweets, More Votes: Social Media as a Quantitative Indicator of Political Behavior. SSRN Electronic Journal. (2013). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2235423.
51.
Rojas, H., Puig-i-Abril, E.: Mobilizers Mobilized: Information, Expression, Mobilization and Participation in the Digital Age. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 14, 902–927 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01475.x.
52.
Xenos, M., Moy, P.: Direct and Differential Effects of the Internet on Political and Civic Engagement. Journal of Communication. 57, 704–718 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00364.x.
53.
Baum, M.A., Groeling, T.: New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse. Political Communication. 25, 345–365 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600802426965.
54.
Borah, P.: Does It Matter Where You Read the News Story? Interaction of Incivility and News Frames in the Political Blogosphere. Communication Research. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212449353.
55.
Lawrence, E., Sides, J., Farrell, H.: Self-Segregation or Deliberation? Blog Readership, Participation, and Polarization in American Politics. Perspectives on Politics. 8, (2010). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592709992714.
56.
Wojcieszak, M.: "Carrying Online Participation Offline”-Mobilization by Radical Online Groups and Politically Dissimilar Offline Ties. Journal of Communication. 59, 564–586 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01436.x.
57.
Åström, J., Karlsson, M.: Blogging in the Shadow of Parties: Exploring Ideological Differences in Online Campaigning. Political Communication. 30, 434–455 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2012.737430.
58.
Shaw, A., Benkler, Y.: A Tale of Two Blogospheres: Discursive Practices on the Left and Right. American Behavioral Scientist. 56, 459–487 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764211433793.
59.
Howard, Philip N., Hussain, Muzammil M., Oxford University Press: Democracy’s fourth wave?: digital media and the Arab Spring. Oxford University Press, New York (2013).
60.
Tufekci, Z., Wilson, C.: Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square. Journal of Communication. 62, 363–379 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x.
61.
Hamdy, N., Gomaa, E.H.: Framing the Egyptian Uprising in Arabic Language Newspapers and Social Media. Journal of Communication. 62, 195–211 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01637.x.
62.
Hassanpour, N.: Media Disruption Exacerbates Revolutionary Unrest: Evidence from Mubarak’s Natural Experiment (APSA 2011 Annual Meeting Paper), http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1903351, (2011).
63.
Youmans, W.L., York, J.C.: Social Media and the Activist Toolkit: User Agreements, Corporate Interests, and the Information Infrastructure of Modern Social Movements. Journal of Communication. 62, 315–329 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01636.x.
64.
Howard, Philip N., Hussain, Muzammil M., Oxford University Press: Democracy’s fourth wave?: digital media and the Arab Spring. Oxford University Press, New York (2013).
65.
Howard, P.N., Parks, M.R.: Social Media and Political Change: Capacity, Constraint, and Consequence. Journal of Communication. 62, 359–362 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01626.x.
66.
Howard, P.N., Agarwal, S.D., Hussain, M.M.: When Do States Disconnect Their Digital Networks? Regime Responses to the Political Uses of Social Media. The Communication Review. 14, 216–232 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2011.597254.
67.
Reuter, O.J.J., Szakonyi, D.: Online Social Media and Political Awareness in Autocratic Regimes. SSRN Electronic Journal. (2012). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2148690.
68.
Pearce, K.E., Kendzior, S.: Networked Authoritarianism and Social Media in Azerbaijan. Journal of Communication. 62, 283–298 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01633.x.
69.
KING, G., PAN, J., ROBERTS, M.E.: How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression. American Political Science Review. 107, 326–343 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055413000014.
70.
Lei, Y.-W.: The Political Consequences of the Rise of the Internet: Political Beliefs and Practices of Chinese Netizens. Political Communication. 28, 291–322 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2011.572449.
71.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., Dawson Books: Routledge handbook of internet politics. Routledge, London (2010).
72.
Cain, G.: Kill One to Warn One Hundred: The Politics of Press Censorship in Vietnam. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 19, 85–107 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161213508814.
73.
Hassid, J.: Safety Valve or Pressure Cooker? Blogs in Chinese Political Life. Journal of Communication. 62, 212–230 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01634.x.
74.
Yuan, E.J., Feng, M., Danowski, J.A.: "Privacy” in Semantic Networks on Chinese Social Media: The Case of Sina Weibo. Journal of Communication. 63, 1011–1031 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12058.
75.
Blogs and Bullets: New Media in Contentious Politics, http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/pw65.pdf.
76.
Blogs and Bullets II: New Media and Conflict After the Arab Spring, http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW80.pdf.
77.
USIP – Social Media Reporting and the Syrian Civil War, http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/191-the-crisis-in-syria/4876-usip-social-media-reporting-and-the-syrian-civil-war.
78.
Conflict Dynamics and Public Communication: Evidence from the 2012 Gaza Conflict, https://www.princeton.edu/politics/about/file-repository/public/Colloq_Zeitz_Communication_Gaza.pdf.
79.
Qin, J., Zhou, Y., Reid, E., Lai, G., Chen, H.: Analyzing terror campaigns on the internet: Technical sophistication, content richness, and Web interactivity. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 65, 71–84 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.08.012.
80.
Terrorism Coverage and the Fear of Terrorism by Aaron M. Hoffman, Chris Kowal, Jose Kaire de Francisco :: SSRN, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2301112.
81.
Papacharissi, Z., de Fatima Oliveira, M.: News Frames Terrorism: A Comparative Analysis of Frames Employed in Terrorism Coverage in U.S. and U.K. Newspapers. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 13, 52–74 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161207312676.
82.
GILBOA, E.: The CNN Effect: The Search for a Communication Theory of International Relations. Political Communication. 22, 27–44 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600590908429.
83.
Weimann, Gabriel: Terror on the Internet: the new arena, the new challenges. United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington, D.C. (2006).
84.
Norris, Pippa, Kern, Montague, Just, Marion R., Ebooks Corporation Limited: Framing terrorism: the news media, the government and the public. Routledge, New York (2003).
85.
Zeitzoff, T.: Using Social Media to Measure Conflict Dynamics: An Application to the 2008-2009 Gaza Conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 55, 938–969 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002711408014.
86.
James, D.: Social Networking Sarajevo Roses: Digital Representations of Postconflict Civil Life in (the Former) Yugoslavia. Journal of Communication. 63, 975–992 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12057.
87.
Reveron, Derek S., Ebooks Corporation Limited: Cyberspace and national security: threats, opportunities, and power in a virtual world. Georgetown University Press, Washington, DC (2012).
88.
The Fog of Cyberwar, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138443/brandon-valeriano-and-ryan-maness/the-fog-of-cyberwar?page=show.
89.
Gartzke, E.: The Myth of Cyberwar: Bringing War in Cyberspace Back Down to Earth. International Security. 38, 41–73 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00136.
90.
Rid, T.: Cyber War Will Not Take Place. Journal of Strategic Studies. 35, 5–32 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2011.608939.
91.
Stone, J.: Cyber War Take Place! Journal of Strategic Studies. 36, 101–108 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2012.730485.
92.
Choucri, Nazli: Cyberpolitics in international relations. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass (2012).
93.
Clarke, Richard A. (Richard Alan), 1951-: Cyber war: the next threat to national security and what to do about it, Clarke: Robert K. Knake. Ecco, New York (2012).
94.
Dipert, R.R.: The Ethics of Cyberwarfare. Journal of Military Ethics. 9, 384–410 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2010.536404.
95.
Eberle, C.J.: JUST WAR AND CYBERWAR. Journal of Military Ethics. 12, 54–67 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2013.782638.
96.
Chadwick, Andrew, Howard, Philip N., Dawson Books: Routledge handbook of internet politics. Routledge, London (2010).
97.
Bennett, W.L., Iyengar, S.: A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication. Journal of Communication. 58, 707–731 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x.
98.
Holbert, R.L., Garrett, R.K., Gleason, L.S.: A New Era of Minimal Effects? A Response to Bennett and Iyengar. Journal of Communication. 60, 15–34 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01470.x.
99.
Bennett, W.L., Iyengar, S.: The Shifting Foundations of Political Communication: Responding to a Defense of the Media Effects Paradigm. Journal of Communication. 60, 35–39 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01471.x.
100.
Shapiro, Robert Y., Jacobs, Lawrence R.: The Oxford handbook of American public opinion and the media. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2011).