1.
Biran, M. Ilkhanid Empire. in Encyclopedia of Empires Online 1–7 (2016). doi:10.10029781118455074.wbeoe362.
2.
The Mongol Empire and its Legacy. vol. Islamic history and civilization (Brill, 1999).
3.
Kinoshita, S. The Painter, the Warrior, and the Sultan: The World of Marco Polo in Three Portraits. The Medieval Globe 2, 101–128 (2016).
4.
Campbell, M. B. The Utter East: Merchant and Missionary Travels during the ‘Mongol Peace’. in The Witness and the Other World: Exotic European Travel Writing, 400-1600 vol. History e-book project 87–121 (Cornell University Press, 1988).
5.
Folda, J. Crusader Artistic Interactions with the Mongols in the Thirteenth Century: Figural Imagery, Weapons, and the Çintamani Design. in Interactions: Artistic Interchange between the Eastern and Western Worlds in the Medieval Period (ed. Hourihane, C.) (Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007).
6.
Eastward bound: travel and travellers, 1050-1550. (Manchester University Press, 2004).
7.
Kupfer, M. The Lost Wheel Map of Ambrogio Lorenzetti. The Art Bulletin 78, 286–310 (1996).
8.
Ryan, J. D. Christian Wives of Mongol Khans: Tartar Queens and Missionary Expectations in Asia. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 8, 411–421 (1998).
9.
Ryan, J. D. European Travelers before Columbus: The Fourteenth Century’s Discovery of India. The Catholic Historical Review 79, 648–670 (1993).
10.
Espada, A. G. Marco Polo, Odorico of Pordenone, the Crusades, and the Role of the Vernacular in the First Descriptions of the Indies. Viator 40, 201–222 (2009).
11.
Ryan, J. D. Missionary saints of the high middle ages: martyrdom, popular veneration, and canonization. The Catholic Historical Review 90, (2004).
12.
Richard, J. The Mongols and the Franks. Journal of Asian History 3, 45–57 (1969).
13.
Halperin, C. J. Russo-Tartar Relations in Mongol Context: Two Notes. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 321, (1998).
14.
Allsen, T. T. Guard and Government in the Reign of The Grand Qan Möngke, 1251-59. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 46, 495–521 (1986).
15.
Allsen, T. T. Mongolian Princes and Their Merchant Partners, 1200-1260. Asia Major 2, 83–126 (1989).
16.
Smith, Jr., J. M. Ayn Jālūt: Mamlūk Sucess or Mongol Failure? Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 44, 307–345 (1984).
17.
Boyle, J. A. Rashid al-Din: the First World Historian. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 17, (1969).
18.
Kamila, S. History and legend in the Jāmi` al-tawārikh: Abraham, Alexander, and Oghuz Khan. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 25, 555–577 (2015).
19.
Boyle, J. A. Dynastic and Political History of the Il-Khans. in The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods (ed. Boyle, J. A.) (Cambridge University Press, 1968). doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366.005.
20.
Amitai-Preiss, R. Ghazan, Islam and Mongol Tradition: A View from the Mamlūk sultanate. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 59, 1–10 (1996).
21.
May, T. The Training of an Inner Asian Nomad Army in the Pre-Modern Period. The Journal of Military History 70, 617–635 (2006).
22.
Raphael, K. Mongol Siege Warfare on the Banks of the Euphrates and the Question of Gunpowder (1260-1312). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 19, 355–370 (2009).
23.
Jackson, P. The Mongols and the west, 1221-1410. vol. The medieval world (Pearson Longman, 2005).
24.
Abu-Lughod, J. L. Before European hegemony: the world system A.D. 1250-1350. (Oxford University Press, 1989).
25.
Aigle, D. The Mongol Empire between myth and reality: studies in anthropological history. vol. Iran studies (Brill, 2015).
26.
Phillips, K. M. Before Orientalism: Asian peoples and cultures in European travel writing, 1245-1510. vol. The Middle Ages series (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014).
27.
Ruotsala, A. Europeans and Mongols in the middle of the thirteenth century: encountering the other. vol. Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian toimituksia. Sarja Humaniora (The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, 2001).
28.
Aigle, D. The Letters of Eljigidei, Hülegü, and Abaqa: Mongol Overtures or Christian Ventriloquism? Inner Asia 7, 143–162 (2005).
29.
Allsen, T. T. Ever Closer Encounters: the Appropriation of Culture and the Apportionment of Peoples in the Mongol Empire. Journal of Early Modern History 1, 2–23 (1997).
30.
Allsen, T. T. Mongolian Princes and Their Merchant Partners, 1200-1260. Asia Major 2, 83–126 (1989).
31.
Amitai, R. Edward of England and Abagha Ilkhan. A Reexamination of a failed attempt at Mongol- Frankish cooperation. in Tolerance and intolerance: social conflict in the age of the Crusades (eds. Gervers, M. & Powell, J. M.) vol. Medieval studies 75–82 (Syracuse University Press, 2001).
32.
Biran, M. The Mongol Empire in World History: The State of the Field. History Compass 11, 1021–1033 (2013).
33.
Biran, M. The Mongol Empire and inter-civilizational exchange. in The Cambridge World History (eds. Kedar, B. Z. & Wiesner-Hanks, M.) 534–558 (Cambridge University Press, 2015). doi:10.1017/CBO9780511667480.021.
34.
Campbell, M. B. The Utter East: Merchant and Missionary Travels during the ‘Mongol Peace’. in The Witness and the Other World: Exotic European Travel Writing, 400-1600 vol. History e-book project 87–121 (Cornell University Press, 1988).
35.
Halperin, C. J. ‘Know Thy Enemy’: Medieval Russian Familiarity with the Mongols of the Golden Horde. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 30, 161–175 (1982).
36.
Ho, C. Thirteenth and Fourteenth Century European-Mongol Relations. History Compass 10, 946–968 (2012).
37.
Jackson, P. Christians, Barbarians and Monsters: The European Discovery of the World Beyond Islam. in The medieval world (eds. Linehan, P. & Nelson, J. L.) 93–110 (Routledge, 2001).
38.
Jackson, P. William of Rubruck in the Mongol Empire: Perception and Prejudices. in Travel fact and travel fiction: studies on fiction, literary tradition, scholarly discovery, and observation in travel writing (ed. Martels, Z. R. W. M. von) vol. Brill’s studies in intellectual history 54–71 (E.J. Brill, 1994).
39.
Jackson, P. The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260. The English Historical Review 95, 481–513 (1980).
40.
Jensen, K. V. Devils, noble savages, and the iron gate: Thirteenth century European concepts of the Mongols. Bulletin of International Medieval Research 6, 1–20 (2000).
41.
Lane, G. Whose secret Intent? in Eurasian Influences On Yuan China: Cross-Cultural Transmissions in the 13th and 14th Centuries (ed. Rossabi, M.) 1–40 (Univerity of Singapore Press, 2012).
42.
Lopez, R. S. China Silk in Europe in the Yuan Period. Journal of the American Oriental Society 72, 72–76 (1952).
43.
May, T. The Mongol Art of War and the Tsunami Strategy. Golden Horde Civilisation 8, 31–38 (2015).
44.
May, T. The Chinggis Exchange: the Mongol Empire and Global Impact on Warfare. World History Connected 12,.
45.
Power, A. Encounters in the Ruins: Latin Captives, Franciscan Friars and the Dangers of Religious Plurality in the early Mongol Empire. in Christianity and religious plurality (eds. Methuen, C., Spicer, A. & Wolffe, J.) vol. Studies in church history (Published for The Ecclesiastical Society by The Boydell Press, 2015).
46.
Ryan, J. D. Preaching Christianity Along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar ‘Middle Kingdom’ in the Fourteenth Century. Journal of Early Modern History 2, 350–373 (1998).
47.
Sweeney, J. R. Identifying the medieval refugee: Hungarians in flight during the Mongol invasion. in Forms of Identity. Definitions and Changes (eds. Löb, L., Petrovics, I. & Szınyi, G. E.) 63–76 (1994).
48.
Dawson Christopher S. Mission to Asia. vol. Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching; 8 (University of Toronto Publishing, 1980).
49.
Yule, H. & Cordier, H. Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China. (Printed for the Hakluyt society, 1913).
50.
Paris, M. Matthew Paris’s English history: from the year 1235 to 1273. (Bohn, 1852).
51.
Thomas of Spalato. Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum - History of the Bishops of Salona and Split. (Central European University Press, 2006).
52.
Polo, M. The travels of Marco Polo. (Penguin Books, 1958).
53.
Rogerius. Gesta Hungarorum. vol. Central European medieval texts (Central European University Press, 2010).
54.
Yule, H. & Odorico. The travels of Friar Odoric. vol. Italian texts and studies on religion and society (W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co, 2002).
55.
Biran, M. The Mongol Empire and inter-civilizational exchange. in The Cambridge World History (eds. Kedar, B. Z. & Wiesner-Hanks, M.) 534–558 (Cambridge University Press, 2015). doi:10.1017/CBO9780511667480.021.
56.
Allsen, T. T. Mongol imperialism: the policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic lands, 1251-1259. (University of California Press, 1987).
57.
Jackson, P. From Ulus to Khanate: the making of the Mongol states, c.1220-c.1290. in The Mongol empire and its legacy (eds. Amitai-Preiss, R. & Morgan, D.) vol. Islamic history and civilization 12–38 (Brill, 1999).
58.
Allsen, T. T. Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia. vol. Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization (Cambridge University Press, 2001).
59.
Ratchnevsky, P. Genghis Khan, his life and legacy. (Blackwell, 1991).
60.
The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age. (Cambridge University Press, 2009).
61.
Beyond the legacy of Genghis Khan. (Brill, 2013).
62.
Morgan, D. The Decline and Fall of the Mongol Empire. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 19, (2009).
63.
Subrahmanyam, S. Mughals and Franks. vol. Explorations in connected history (Oxford University Press, 2011).
64.
Ratchnevsky, P. Genghis Khan, his life and legacy. (Blackwell, 1991).
65.
Rossabi, M. Khubilai Khan: his life and times. (University of California Press, 1987).
66.
Sela, R. The Legendary Biographies of Tamerlane: Islam and Heroic Apocrypha in Central Asia. vol. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization (Cambridge University Press, 2011).
67.
Morgan, D. The Mongols. vol. The peoples of Europe (Blackwell Publishing, 2007).
68.
Jackson, P. The Mongols and the west, 1221-1410. vol. The medieval world (Pearson Longman, 2005).
69.
Sinor, D. The Mongols and Western Europe. in A history of the Crusades, vol. III (ed. Setton, K. M.) 513–544 (University of Wisconsin Press, 1975).
70.
Sinor, D. The Mongols in the West. Journal of Asian History 33, 1–44 (1999).
71.
Rachewiltz, I. de. Some remarks on the ideological foundations of Chingis Khan’s empire. Papers on Far Eastern History 7, 21–36 (1973).
72.
Jackson, P. The Mongols and Europe. in The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5: c.1198-c.1300 (ed. Abulafia, D.) vol. The New Cambridge Medieval History 703–719 (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
73.
Richard, J. Les Mongols et l’Occident: deux siècles de contacts. Croisés, missionnaires et voyageurs: les perspectives orientales du monde latin m︠edi︠eval Collected studies, (1983).
74.
Voegelin, E. The Mongol orders of submission to European powers, 1245–1255. Byzantion 15, 378–413 (1941).
75.
Bartlett, R. The making of Europe: conquest, colonization and cultural change 950-1350. (Penguin Books, 1994).
76.
Bentley, J. H. Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History. The American Historical Review 101, 749–770 (1996).
77.
Edson, E. & Savage-Smith, E. Medieval views of the Cosmos. (Bodleian Library, 2004).
78.
Abu-Lughod, J. L. Before European hegemony: the world system A.D. 1250-1350. (Oxford University Press, 1989).
79.
Biran, M. The Mongol Empire in World History: The State of the Field. History Compass 11, 1021–1033 (2013).
80.
Marshall, R. Storm from the East: from Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan. (BBC, 1993).
81.
Rossabi, M. The Mongols and global history: a Norton documents reader. vol. Norton documents reader series (W.W. Norton, 2011).
82.
Walter de Gruyter & Co. Handbook of medieval culture: fundamental aspects and conditions of the European Middle Ages, Volume 1. (De Gruyter, 2015).
83.
Phillips, J. R. S. & Oxford University Press. The medieval expansion of Europe. (Clarendon, 1998).
84.
Henry of Livonia. The chronicle of Henry of Livonia. vol. Records of Western civilization (Columbia University Press, 2003).
85.
Rogerius. Gesta Hungarorum. vol. Central European medieval texts (Central European University Press, 2010).
86.
Drei Texte zur Geschichte der Ungarn und und Mongolen: die Missionsreisen des Fr. Julianus O. P. ins Uralgebiet (1234/59 und nach Rußland (1237) und der Bericht des Erzbischofs Peter über die Tartaren. (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1956).
87.
Schneider, F. Ein Schreiben der Ungarn an die Kurie aus der letzten Zeit des Tatareneinfalles. (2. Februar 1242). Mitteilungen des österreichischen Instituts für Geschichtsforschung (MIÖG) 36, 661–670 (1915).
88.
Phillips, J. R. S. Europe and the Mongol invasions. in The Medieval Expansion of Europe 55–77 (Oxford University Press, 1998). doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.003.0004.
89.
Jackson, P. The Crusades of 1239-1241 and their aftermath. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 50, (1987).
90.
Selart, A. Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the thirteenth century. vol. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450 (Brill, 2015).
91.
Font, M. Ungarn, Polen und Galizien-Wolhynien im ersten Drittel des 13. Jh. Studia Slavica 38, 27–39 (1993).
92.
Kosztolnyik, Z. J. Hungary in the thirteenth century. vol. East European monographs (East European Monographs, 1996).
93.
Rogers, G. S. An examination of historians’ explanations for the Mongol withdrawal from East Central Europe. East European Quarterly 30, (1996).
94.
Várdy, S. B. Castle Building and Its Social Significance in Medieval Hungary. Canadian-American Review of Hungarian Studies, 6, 91–97 (1979).
95.
Szabó, P. Pilis: Changing settlements in a Hungarian Forest in the Middle Ages. Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU 283–293 (1997).
96.
Berend, N. At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and ‘pagans’ in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300. vol. Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought (Cambridge University Press, 2001).
97.
Tōyō Bunko (Japan) & Szczesсiak, B. Hagiographical Documentation of the Mongol Invasions of Poland in the Thirteenth Century. Part I: The Preaching Friars. in Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (The Oriental Library): 17 167–195 (The Toyo Bunko, 1958).
98.
Berend, N., Wiszewski, P. & Urbańczyk, P. Central Europe in the high Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland c. 900-c. 1300. vol. Cambridge medieval textbooks (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
99.
Engel, P. The realm of St. Stephen: a history of medieval Hungary, 895-1526. (I. B. Tauris, 2001).
100.
Allsen, T. T. Prelude to the western campaigns: Mongol military operations in the Volga- Ural region, 1217- 1237. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 3, 5–24 (1983).
101.
Strakosch-Gratzmann, G. Der Einfall der Mongolen in Mitteleuropa in den Jahren 1241 und 1242: mit fünf Karten, einem Sachregister und Einem Quellenregister. (Wagner, 1893).
102.
Schmilewski, U. Schlesien im 13. Jahrhundert vor und nach der Schlacht von Wahlstatt. Territoriale Entwicklung und Landesausbau. in Wahlstatt 1241. Beiträge zur Mongolenschlacht bei Liegnitz und zu ihren Nachwirkungen (ed. Schmilewski, U.) 9–34 (1991).
103.
Bachfeld, G. Die Mongolen in Polen, Schlesien, Böhmen und Mähren. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des groвen Mongolensturmes im Jahre 1241. Innsbruck, 1889. (1889).
104.
Göckenjan, H. Der Westfeldzug (1236-1242) aus mongolischer Sicht. in Ungarn, Türken und Mongolen 179–218 (Harrassowitz in Kommission, 2007).
105.
Becker, J. Zum Mongoleneinfall von 1241. Zeitschrift des Vereins für Geschichte (und Alterthum) Schlesiens 66, (1932).
106.
Jackson, P. The Crusade Against the Mongols (1241). The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 42, (1991).
107.
Jackson, P. The Seventh Crusade, 1244-1254: sources and documents. (Ashgate, 2009).
108.
The ‘Templar of Tyre’: Part III of the ‘Deeds of the Cypriots’. vol. Crusade texts in translation (Ashgate, 2003).
109.
Crusade and Christendom: annotated documents in translation from Innocent III to the fall of Acre, 1187-1291. vol. The Middle Ages series (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013).
110.
Manz, B. F. The Rule of the Infidels: the Mongols and the Islamic World. in The New Cambridge History of Islam (eds. Morgan, D. O. & Reid, A.) 128–168 (Cambridge University Press, 2000). doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521850315.
111.
Jackson, P. The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260. The English Historical Review 95, 481–513 (1980).
112.
Aigle, D. The Letters of Eljigidei, Hülegü, and Abaqa: Mongol Overtures or Christian Ventriloquism? Inner Asia 7, 143–162 (2005).
113.
L. Lockhart. The Relations between Edward I and Edward II of England and the Mongol Īl-Khāns of Persia. Iran 6, 23–31 (1968).
114.
Lane, G. Whose secret Intent? in Eurasian Influences On Yuan China: Cross-Cultural Transmissions in the 13th and 14th Centuries (ed. Rossabi, M.) 1–40 (Univerity of Singapore Press, 2012).
115.
Amitai, R. Edward of England and Abagha Ilkhan. A Reexamination of a failed attempt at Mongol- Frankish cooperation. in Tolerance and intolerance: social conflict in the age of the Crusades (eds. Gervers, M. & Powell, J. M.) vol. Medieval studies 75–82 (Syracuse University Press, 2001).
116.
Meyvaert, P. An Unknown Letter of Hulagu, Il-Khan of Persia, to King Louis IX of France. Viator 11, 245–260 (1980).
117.
Jacques Paviot. England and the Mongols (c. 1260-1330). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 10, 305–318 (2000).
118.
Boyle, J. A. The Il-Khans of Persia and the Christian West. History Today.
119.
Morgan, D. O. The Mongols in Syria, 1260–1300. in Crusade and settlement: papers read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and presented to R.C. Smail (ed. Edbury, P. W.) 231–235 (University College Cardiff Press, 1985).
120.
Phillips, J. R. S. The Lost Alliance: European Monarchs and Mongol ‘Crusaders’. in The Medieval Expansion of Europe 115–132 (Oxford University Press, 1998).
121.
Irwin, R. The Middle East in the Middle Ages: the early Mamluk sultanate, 1250-1382. vol. History e-book project (Southern Illinois University Press, 1986).
122.
Amitai-Preiss, R. Mongols and Mamluks: the Mamluk-Īlkhānid war, 1260-1281. vol. Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization (Cambridge University Press, 1995).
123.
Brack, Y. A Mongol Princess Making Hajj: the Biography of El Qutlugh Daughter of Abagha Ilkhan (r. 1265-82) | Yoni Brack - Academia.edu. Journal of Royal Asiatic Society 21, 331–359 (2011).
124.
Amitai, R. The Impact of the Mongols on the History of Syria: Politics, Society and Culture. in Nomads as agents of cultural change: the Mongols and their Eurasian predecessors (eds. Amitai, R. & Biran, M.) vol. Perspectives on the global past 271–282 (University of Hawaii Press, 2015).
125.
Amitai, R. Im Westen nichts Neues? Re-examining Hülegü’s Offensive into the Jazīra and Northern Syria in Light of Recent Research. in Historicizing the "Beyond”. The Mongolian Invasion as a New Dimension of Violence? (eds. Krämer, F., Schmidt, K. & Singer, J.) 83–96 (2011).
126.
Amitai, R. Northern Syria between the Mongols and Mamluks: Political Boundary, Military frontier and Ethnic affinity. in Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands c. 700-1700 (eds. Standen, N. & Power, D.) 128–152 (Macmillan Press, 1999).
127.
Morgan, D. Reflections on Mongol communications in the Ilkhanate. in The Sultan’s Turret (ed. Hillenbrand, C.) 375–385 (Brill Academic Publishers).
128.
Amitai, R. Dangerous Liaisons: Armenian-Mongol-Mamluk Relations (1260-1292). in La Méditerranée des Arméniens, XIIe-XVe siècle (eds. Dédéyan, G. & Mutafian, C.) vol. Orient Chrétien Médiéval 191–206 (Geuthner, 2014).
129.
Dmytryshyn, B. Medieval Russia: a source book, 900-1700. (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973).
130.
The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016-1471. (Office of the Society, 1914).
131.
The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle. (Harvard Ukrainian, 2002).
132.
Brosset, H. Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l’antiquité jusqu’au XIX siècle. (1850).
133.
Grinberg, L. From Mongol Prince to Russian Saint: A Neglected 15th-Century Russian Source on the Mongol Land Consecration Ritual. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 12, 647–673 (2011).
134.
Goldfrank, D. M. Muscovy and the Mongols: What’s What and What’s Maybe. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 1, 259–266 (2000).
135.
Halperin, C. J. ‘Know Thy Enemy’: Medieval Russian Familiarity with the Mongols of the Golden Horde. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 30, 161–175 (1982).
136.
Jackson, P. The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered. in Mongols, Turks, And Others (eds. Amital, R. & Biran, M.) 245–290 (Brill Academic Publishers, 2004).
137.
Omeljan Pritsak. Moscow, the Golden Horde, and the Kazan Khanate from a Polycultural Point of View. Slavic Review 26, 577–583 (1967).
138.
DeWeese, D. A. Islamization and native religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and conversion to Islam in historical and epic tradition. vol. Hermeneutics, studies in the history of religions (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994).
139.
Fennell, J. L. I. The crisis of medieval Russia 1200-1304. vol. Longman history of Russia (Longman, 1983).
140.
Vernadsky, G. The Mongols and Russia. vol. A history of Russia (Yale University Press, 1953).
141.
Sinor, D. Les relations entre les mongols et l’Europe jusqu’à la mort d’Arghoun et de Bela IV. Cahiers d’Histoire Mondiale/Journal of World History/Cuadernos de Historia 3:1, 39–62 (1956).
142.
Ostrowski, D. G. Muscovy and the Mongols: cross-cultural influences on the steppe frontier, 1304-1589. (Cambridge University Press, 1998).
143.
Zatko, J. J. The Union of Suzdal, 1222–1252. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 8, 33–52 (1957).
144.
Halperin, C. J. The Tatar yoke. (Slavica, 1986).
145.
Hartog, L. de. Russia and the Mongol yoke: the history of the Russian principalities and the Golden Horde, 1221-1502. (British Academic Press, 1996).
146.
Halperin, C. J. Russia and the Golden Horde: the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history. (Indiana University Press, 1987).
147.
Noonan, T. S. Medieval Russia, the Mongols, and the West: Novgorod’s Relations with the Baltic, 1100-1350. Mediaeval Studies 37, 316–339 (1975).
148.
Halperin, C. J. Kliuchevskii and the Tartar Yoke. Canadian-American Slavic Studies 34, 3–408 (2000).
149.
Charles J. Halperin. Ivan IV and Chinggis Khan. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 481–497 (2003).
150.
Allsen, T. T. Mongol imperialism: the policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic lands, 1251-1259. (University of California Press, 1987).
151.
Golden, P. B. Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. vol. Variorum collected studies series (Ashgate/Variorum, 2003).
152.
Golden, P. B. The peoples of the south Russian steppes. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 270–284 (1990).
153.
Allsen, T. T. Ever Closer Encounters: the Appropriation of Culture and the Apportionment of Peoples in the Mongol Empire. Journal of Early Modern History 1, 2–23 (1997).
154.
Fischel, W. J. A New Latin Source on Tamerlane’s Conquest of Damascus (1400/1401): (B. de Mignanelli’s ‘Vita Tamerlani’ 1416). Oriens 9, 201–232 (1956).
155.
Bentley, J. H. & American Council of Learned Societies. Old World encounters: cross-cultural contacts and exchanges in pre-modern times. (Oxford University Press, 1993).
156.
Franke, H. Sino-Western Contacts Under the Mongol Empire. in China under Mongol rule vol. Collected studies 49–72 (Variorum, 1994).
157.
Thomas, E. Mongolen in Brokat. Das Akkulturationskonzept als Herausforderung für die Mittelalterforschung. in Akkulturation im Mittelalter (ed. Reinhard, H.) 17–42 (Thorbeke, 2014).
158.
Ryan, J. D. Preaching Christianity Along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar ‘Middle Kingdom’ in the Fourteenth Century. Journal of Early Modern History 2, 350–373 (1998).
159.
Power, A. Encounters in the Ruins: Latin Captives, Franciscan Friars and the Dangers of Religious Plurality in the early Mongol Empire. in Christianity and religious plurality (eds. Methuen, C., Spicer, A. & Wolffe, J.) vol. Studies in church history (Published for The Ecclesiastical Society by The Boydell Press, 2015).
160.
Hamilton, B. Western Christian Contacts with Buddhism. in Christianity and religious plurality (eds. Methuen, C., Spicer, A. & Wolffe, J.) vol. Studies in church history (Published for The Ecclesiastical Society by The Boydell Press, 2015).
161.
DeWeese, D. A. Islamization and native religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and conversion to Islam in historical and epic tradition. vol. Hermeneutics, studies in the history of religions (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994).
162.
Devin DeWeese. The Influence of the Mongols on the Religious Consciousness of Thirteenth-Century Europe. Mongolian Studies 5, 41–78 (1979).
163.
Jackson, P. The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered. in Mongols, Turks, And Others (eds. Amital, R. & Biran, M.) 245–290 (Brill Academic Publishers, 2004).
164.
Foster, J. Crosses from the Walls of Zaitun. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 86, 1–25 (1954).
165.
Gardner, I., Lieu, S. N. C. & Parry, K. From Palmyra to Zayton: epigraphy and iconography. vol. Silk road studies (Brepols, 2005).
166.
Parry, K. Angels and Apsaras: Christian Tombstones from Quanzhou. TAASA Review [The Journal of the Asian Arts Society of Australia] 12, 4–5 (2003).
167.
Tang, L. Mongol Responses to Christianity in China: A Yuan Dynasty Phenomenon. Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series 63, 3–24 (2006).
168.
Purtle, J. The Far Side: Expatriate Medieval Art and Its Languages in Sino-Mongol China. Medieval Encounters 17, 167–197 (2011).
169.
Olschki, L. Asiatic Exoticism in Italian Art of the Early Renaissance. The Art Bulletin 26, (1944).
170.
Arnold, L. Princely gifts and papal treasures: the Franciscan mission to China and its influence on the art of the West, 1250-1350. (Desiderata, 1999).
171.
Monnas, L. Merchants, princes and painters: silk fabrics in Italian and northern paintings, 1300-1550. (Yale University Press, 2008).
172.
Rossabi, M. Behind the Silk Screen: Movements of Weavers in Asia, Seventh to Fourteenth Centuries. Orientations 29, (1998).
173.
Tanaka, H. Fourteenth Century Sienese Painting and Mongolian and Chinese Influences: The Analysis of Simone Martini’s Works and Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s Major Works. Bijutsushigaku = Art History (Tohoku University) 7, 163–190 (1985).
174.
Tanaka, A. Oriental Scripts in the Paintings of Giotto Period. Gazette des beaux-arts 113, 214–226 (1989).
175.
Wardwell, A. E. Panni Tartarici: Eastern Islamic Silks Woven with Gold and Silver (13th and 14th Centuries). in Islamic Art: Vol 3 95–173 (1999).
176.
Mack, R. E. Bazaar to piazza: Islamic trade and Italian art, 1300-1600. (University of California Press, 2002).
177.
Rossabi, M. Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the first journey from China to the West. (Kodansha International, 1992).
178.
Fischel, W. J. A New Latin Source on Tamerlane’s Conquest of Damascus (1400/1401): (B. de Mignanelli’s ‘Vita Tamerlani’ 1416). Oriens 9, 201–232 (1956).
179.
The monks of Ḳûblâi Khân, emperor of China or, The history of the life and travels of Rabban Ṣâwmâ, envoy and plentipotentiary of the Mongol khâns to the kings of Europe, and Marḳôs who as Mâr Yahbh-Allâhâ III became patriarch of the Nestorian church in Asia. (Religious Tract Society, 1928).
180.
Roest, B. Medieval Franciscan Mission: History and Concept. in Strategies of medieval communal identity (eds. Bekkum, W. van & Cobb, P. M.) 137–162 (Peeters, 2003).
181.
Muldoon, J. Popes, lawyers, and infidels: the Church and the non-Christian world, 1250-1550. vol. The Middle Ages (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979).
182.
Ryan, J. To Baptize Khans or to Convert Peoples? Missionary Aims in Central Asia in the Fourteenth Century. in Christianizing peoples and converting individuals: [Selected proceedings of the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, 1997] (eds. Armstrong, G. & Wood, I. N.) vol. International medieval research 247–257 (Brepols, 2000).
183.
Gregory G. Guzman. The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin. Speculum 49, 287–307 (1974).
184.
Guzman, G. G. Simon of Saint-Quentin and the Dominican Mission to the Mongol Baiju: A Reappraisal. Speculum 46, (1971).
185.
Guzman, G. G. Christian Europe and Mongol Asia: First Medieval Intercultural Contact Between East and West. Essays in Medieval Studies 2, 227–244 (1985).
186.
Schmieder, F. Cum hora undecima: The Incorporation of Asia into the orbis Christianus. in Christianizing peoples and converting individuals (eds. Armstrong, G. & Wood, I. N.) vol. International medieval research 265–259 (Brepols, 2000).
187.
Mary Dienes. Eastern Missions of the Hungarian Dominicans in the First Half of the Thirteenth Century. Isis 27, 225–241 (1937).
188.
Mason, R. The Mongol Mission and Kyivan Rus. Ukrainian Quarterly 49, 385–402 (1993).
189.
Ruotsala, A. Europeans and Mongols in the middle of the thirteenth century: encountering the other. vol. Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian toimituksia. Sarja Humaniora (The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, 2001).
190.
Guzman, G. G. European clerical envoys to the Mongols: Reports of western merchants in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 1231-1255. Journal of medieval history 22, 53–67 (1996).
191.
Ryan, J. D. Preaching Christianity Along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar ‘Middle Kingdom’ in the Fourteenth Century. Journal of Early Modern History 2, 350–373 (1998).
192.
Ryan, J. Nicholas IV and the evolution of the eastern missionary effort. Archivum historiae pontificiae 19, 79–95 (1981).
193.
Ryan, J. Conversion vs. Baptism? European Missionaries in Asia in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. in Varieties of religious conversion in the Middle Ages (ed. Muldoon, J.) 146–167 (University Press of Florida, 1997).
194.
Jackson, P. William of Rubruck in the Mongol Empire: Perception and Prejudices. in Travel fact and travel fiction: studies on fiction, literary tradition, scholarly discovery, and observation in travel writing (ed. Martels, Z. R. W. M. von) vol. Brill’s studies in intellectual history 54–71 (E.J. Brill, 1994).
195.
Jackson, P. Early missions to the Mongols: Carpini and his contemporaries. Annual report 14–32 (1994).
196.
Phillips, J. R. S. The eastern missions. in The Medieval Expansion of Europe 78–95 (Oxford University Press, 1998).
197.
De Rachewiltz, I. Papal envoys to the great Khans. vol. Great travellers (Faber and Faber Ltd, 1971).
198.
Guzman, G. G. Simon of Saint-Quentin and the Dominican Mission to the Mongol Baiju: A Reappraisal. Speculum 46, (1971).
199.
Guzman, G. G. European clerical envoys to the Mongols: Reports of Western merchants in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 1231–1255. Journal of Medieval History 22, 53–67 (1996).
200.
Dawson, C. The Mongol mission: narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. vol. Makers of Christendom series (Sheed & Ward, 1955).
201.
Jackson, P. William of Rubruck in the Mongol Empire: perception and prejudices. in Travel fact and travel fiction: studies on fiction, literary tradition, scholarly discovery, and observation in travel writing (ed. Martels, Z. von) vol. Brill’s studies in intellectual history 54–71 (E.J. Brill, 1994).
202.
Sinor, D. John of Plano Carpini’s Return from the Mongols. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 89, 193–206 (1957).
203.
Cultural Brokers between Religions. Border-Crossers and Experts at Mediterranean Courts. Cultural brokers at Mediterranean courts in the Middle Ages. vol. Mittelmeerstudien (Wilhelm Fink, 2013).
204.
Garnier, C. Gabe, Macht und Ehre: Zu Formen und Funktionen des Gabentauschs in den Beziehungen zwischen Mongolen und Europäern im 13. Jahrhundert. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 63, (2015).
205.
Ayton, A. From Muhi to Mohacs: armies and combatants in later medieval European transcultural wars. in Transcultural wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st century (ed. Kortüm, H.-H.) 213–247 (Akademie, 2006).
206.
Smith Jr., J. M. Demographic Considerations in Mongol Siege Warfare. Archivum Ottomanicum 13, 329–334 (1993).
207.
May, T. The Training of an Inner Asian Nomad Army in the Pre-Modern Period. The Journal of Military History 70, 617–635 (2006).
208.
May, T. The Mongol Art of War and the Tsunami Strategy. Golden Horde Civilisation 8, 31–38 (2015).
209.
Gervers, M., Schlepp, W., & Central and Inner Asian Seminar. Nomadic diplomacy, destruction and religion from the Pacific to the Adriatic: papers prepared for the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, 1992-93. vol. Toronto studies in Central and Inner Asia (Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies, 1994).
210.
Olschki, L. Guillaume Boucher: a French artist at the court of the Khans. (Greenwood Press, 1969).
211.
Guzman, G. G. European captives and craftsmen among the Mongols, 1231-1255. The Historian 72, (2010).
212.
Smith Jr., J. M. Demographic Considerations in Mongol Siege Warfare. Archivum Ottomanicum 13, 329–334 (1993).
213.
Sweeney, J. R. Identifying the medieval refugee: Hungarians in flight during the Mongol invasion. in Forms of Identity. Definitions and Changes (eds. Löb, L., Petrovics, I. & Szınyi, G. E.) 63–76 (1994).
214.
Kuroda, A. The Eurasian silver century, 1276–1359: commensurability and multiplicity. Journal of Global History 4, (2009).
215.
Lopez, R. S. European Merchants in Mediaeval India. The Journal of Economic History 3, 164–184 (1943).
216.
Phillips, J. R. S. European merchants and the East. in The Medieval Expansion of Europe 96–114 (Oxford University Press, 1998).
217.
Di Cosmo, N. Black Sea Emporia and the Mongol Empire: A Reassessment of the Pax Mongolica. Journal of the Economic & Social History of the Orient 53, 83–108 (2010).
218.
Prazniak, R. Siena on the Silk Roads: Ambrogio Lorenzetti and the Mongol Global Century, 1250–1350. Journal of World History 21, 177–217 (2010).
219.
Morton, A. H. . Ghurid Gold en route to England? Iran 16, 167–170 (1978).
220.
Jean Richard. European Voyages in the Indian Ocean and Caspian Sea (12th-15th Centuries). Iran 6, 45–52 (1968).
221.
Allsen, T. T. Commodity and exchange in the Mongol empire: a cultural history of Islamic textiles. vol. Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization (Cambridge University Press, 1997).
222.
Grierson, P. Muslim coins in thirteenth-century England. in Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy and History. Studies in Honour of George C. Miles (ed. Kouymijan, D. J.) 387–391 (1974).
223.
Göckenjan, H. Frühe Nachrichten über Zentralasien und die Seidenstraßen in der "Relatio de Davide rege. in Ungarn, Türken und Mongolen 117–142 (Harrassowitz in Kommission, 2007).
224.
Jensen, K. V. Devils, noble savages, and the iron gate: Thirteenth century European concepts of the Mongols. Bulletin of International Medieval Research 6, 1–20 (2000).
225.
Burton, H. Tartars and traitors: the uses of cannibalism in Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora. in Cannibalism in High Medieval English Literature 81–104 (2007).
226.
Amitai-Preiss, R. Mongol imperial ideology and the Ilkhanid war against the Mamluks. in The Mongol empire and its legacy (eds. Amitai-Preiss, R. & Morgan, D. O.) vol. Islamic history and civilization (Brill, 1999).
227.
Rachewiltz, I. de. Some remarks on the ideological foundations of Chingis Khan’s empire. Papers on Far Eastern History 7, 21–36 (1973).
228.
Voegelin, E. The Mongol orders of submission to European powers, 1245–1255. Byzantion 15, 378–413 (1941).
229.
Golden, P. B. Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Cinggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia. Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs Variorum collected studies series, (2003).
230.
Connell, C. W. Western Views of the Origin of the ‘Tartars’: an Example of the Influence of Myth in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century. The Journal of Medieval and Renaissance studies 3, 115–137 (1973).
231.
Brewer, K. Prester John: the legend and its sources. vol. Crusade texts in translation (Ashgate, 2015).
232.
Khanmohamadi, A. Worldly Unease in Late Medieval European Travel Reports. in Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages (eds. Ganim, J. M. & Legassie, S.) vol. The New Middle Ages (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
233.
Baraz, D. Medieval cruelty: changing perceptions, late antiquity to the early modern period. vol. Conjunctions of religion&power in the medieval past (Cornell University Press, 2003).
234.
Menache, S. Tartars, Jews, Saracens and the Jewish-Mongol ‘Plot’ of 1241. History 81, 319–342 (1996).
235.
Schmieder, F. Nota sectam maometicam atterendam a tartaris et christianis: The Mongols as non-believing apocalyptic friends around the year 1260. Journal of Millennial Studies 1, (1998).
236.
Burnett, C. & Dalché, P. G. Attitudes Towards the Mongols in Medieval Literature: The XXII Kings of Gog and Magog from the Court of Frederick II to Jean de Mandeville. Viator 22, 153–168 (1991).
237.
Phillips, J. R. S. Scholarship and the imagination. in The Medieval Expansion of Europe 177–199 (Oxford University Press, 1998).
238.
Campbell, M. B. The witness and the other world: exotic European travel writing, 400-1600. (Cornell University Press, 1991).
239.
Peleggi, M. Shifting Alterity: The Mongol in the Visual and Literary Culture of the Late Middle Ages . The Medieval History Journal 4, 15–33 (2001).
240.
Guzman, G. G. Reports of Mongol Cannibalism in the Thirteenth-Century Latin Sources: Oriental Fact or Western Fiction? in Discovering New Worlds: Essays on Medieval Exploration and Imagination (ed. Westrem, S. D.) 31–68 (Garlad Press, 1991).
241.
Strickland, D. H. Saracens, demons & Jews: making monsters in Medieval art. (Princeton University Press, 2003).
242.
Baumgärtner, I. Weltbild und Empirie. Die Erweiterung des Kartographischen Weltbilds durch die Asienreisen des Späten Mittelalters. Journal of Medieval History 23, 227–253 (1997).
243.
Halperin, C. J. The Battle of Kulikovo Field (1380) in History and Historical Memory. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 14:4, 853–864 (2013).
244.
Reichert, F. E. Begegnungen mit China: die Entdeckung Ostasiens im Mittelalter. vol. Beiträge zur Geschichte und Quellenkunde des Mittelalters (Thorbecke, 1992).
245.
Göckenjan, H. Endzeitstimmung und Entdeckergeist. Die Mongolen im Spiegel zeitgenössischer abendländischer Quellen. in Ungarn, Türken und Mongolen (Harrassowitz, 2007).
246.
Göckenjan, H. Das Bild der Völker Osteuropas in den Reiseberichten ungarischer Dominikaner des 13. Jahrhunderts. in Ungarn, Türken und Mongolen 9–46 (Harrassowitz, 2007).
247.
Rudolf Wittkower. Marvels of the East. A Study in the History of Monsters. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5, 159–197 (1942).
248.
Ramey, L. T. Monstrous Alterity in Early Modern Travel Accounts: Lessons from the Ambiguous Medieval Discourse on Humanness. L’Esprit Créateur 48, 81–95 (2008).
249.
Chekin, L. S. The Godless Ishmaelites: the Image of the Steppe in Eleventh-Thirteenth-Century Rus. Russian History 19, 9–28 (1992).
250.
Jensen, K. V. Devils, noble savages, and the iron gate: Thirteenth century European concepts of the Mongols. Bulletin of International Medieval Research 6, 1–20 (2000).
251.
Camargo, M. The Book of John Mandeville and the Geography of Identity. in Marvels, monsters, and miracles: studies in the medieval and early modern imaginations (eds. Jones, T. S. & Sprunger, D. A.) vol. Studies in medieval culture 67–84 (Medieval Institute Publications, 2002).
252.
Koss, N. The best and fairest land: images of China in medieval Europe. (Bookman Books, 1999).
253.
Jackson, P. Christians, Barbarians and Monsters: The European Discovery of the World Beyond Islam. in The medieval world (eds. Linehan, P. & Nelson, J. L.) 93–110 (Routledge, 2001).
254.
Medieval ethnographies: European perceptions of the world beyond. vol. The expansion of Latin Europe, 1000-1500 (Ashgate Variorum, 2009).
255.
Hyde, J. K. Real and Imaginary Journeys in the Later Middle Ages. Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 65, (1982).
256.
Gow, A. Gog and Magog On Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition. Journal of Early Modern History 2, 61–88 (1998).
257.
Friedman, J. B. Cultural Conflicts in Medieval World Maps. in Implicit understandings: observing, reporting, and reflecting on the encounters between Europeans and other peoples in the early modern era (ed. Schwartz, S. B.) vol. Studies in comparative early modern history 64–95 (Cambridge University Press, 1994).
258.
Ramey, L. T. Monstrous Alterity in Early Modern Travel Accounts: Lessons from the Ambiguous Medieval Discourse on Humanness. L’Esprit Créateur 48, 81–95 (2008).
259.
Valtrová, J. Beyond the Horizons of Legends:Traditional Imagery and Direct Experience in Medieval Accounts of Asia. Numen 57, 154–185 (2010).
260.
Lomperis, L. Medieval Travel Writing and the Question of Race. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 31, 147–164 (2001).
261.
Friedman, J. B. The monstrous races in medieval art and thought. vol. Medieval studies (Syracuse University Press, 2000).
262.
Boyle, J. A. The Last Barbarian Invaders: The Impact of the Mongol Conquests Upon East and West. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 112, 1–15 (1970).
263.
Cogley, R. W. ‘The most vile and barbarous Nation of all the World’: Giles Fletcher the Elder’s The Tartars Or, Ten Tribes (ca. 1610)*. Renaissance Quarterly 58, (2005).
264.
Jones, W. R. The Image of the Barbarian in Medieval Europe. Comparative Studies in Society and History 13, (1971).
265.
Aigle, D. The Mongol Empire between myth and reality: studies in anthropological history. vol. Iran studies (Brill, 2015).
266.
Connell, C. W. Western views of the origins of the ‘Tartars’: an example of the influence of the myth in the second half of the thirteenth century. The journal of medieval and Renaissance studies 3, (1973).
267.
Richard, J. Les causes des victoires mongoles d’après les historiens orientaux du XIIIe siècle. Central Asiatic Journal 23, 104–117 (1979).
268.
Bezzola, G. A. Die Mongolen in abendländischer Sicht (1220-1270): ein Beitrag zur Frage der Völkerbegegnungen. (Francke Verlag, 1974).
269.
Jackson, P. Medieval Christendom’s encounter with the alien. Historical Research 74, 347–369 (2001).
270.
Saunders, J. J. Matthew Paris and the Mongols. in Essays in medieval history presented to Bertie Wilkinson (eds. Sandquist, T. A. & Powicke, M.) 116–132 (University of Toronto Press, 1969).
271.
Power, A. Roger Bacon and the Defence of Christendom. vol. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
272.
Czarnowus, A. The Mongols, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe: The Mirabilia Tradition in Benedict of Poland’s and John of Plano Carpini’s. Literature Compass 11, 484–495 (2014).
273.
Hanska, J. & Ruotsala, A. Berthold von Regensburg, OFM, and the Mongols: Medieval Sermon as a Historical Source. Archivum franciscanum historicum: periodica publicatio trimestris cura pp. Collegii D. Bonaventurae 89, 425–445 (1908).
274.
Campbell, M. B. The witness and the other world: exotic European travel writing, 400-1600. vol. History e-book project (Cornell University Press, 1991).
275.
Friedman, J. B. The monstrous races in medieval art and thought. vol. Medieval studies (Syracuse University Press, 2000).
276.
Rudolf Wittkower. Marvels of the East. A Study in the History of Monsters. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5, 159–197 (1942).
277.
Flint, V. I. J. Monsters and the Antipodes in the early Middle Ages and Enlightenment. Viator 15, 65–80 (1984).
278.
Wiedemann, T. E. J. Between man and beasts: barbarians in Amiantus Marcellinus. in Past perspectives: studies in Greek and Roman historical writing : papers presented at a conference in Leeds, 6-8 April 1983 (eds. Moxon, I. S., Smart, J. D. & Woodman, A. J.) 189–201 (Cambridge University Press, 1986).
279.
Aalto, P. & Pekkanen, T. Latin sources on North-Eastern Eurasia. vol. Asiatische Forschungen (Harrassowitz, 1975).
280.
Schwartz, J. R. S. The outer world of the European Middle Ages. in Implicit understandings: observing, reporting, and reflecting on the encounters between Europeans and other peoples in the early modern era (ed. Schwartz, S. B.) vol. Studies in comparative early modern history 23–63 (Cambridge University Press, 1994).
281.
Die Beziehungen der Päpste zu islamischen und mongolischen Herrschern im 13. Jahrhundert anhand ihres Briefwechsels. (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1981).
282.
Charles J. Halperin. Russia in The Mongol Empire in Comparative Perspective. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 43, 239–261 (1983).
283.
Charles J. Halperin. George Vernadsky, Eurasianism, the Mongols, and Russia. Slavic Review 41, 477–493 (1982).
284.
Paul Hyer. The Re-Evaluation of Chinggis Khan: Its Role in the Sino-Soviet Dispute. Asian Survey 6, 696–705 (1966).
285.
Forbes Manz, B. Mongol History rewritten and relived. Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée 129–149 (2000) doi:10.4000/remmm.276.
286.
Derenko, M. V. et al. Distribution of the male lineages of Genghis Khan’s descendants in northern Eurasian populations. Russian Journal of Genetics 43, 334–337 (2007).
287.
Zerjal, T. et al. The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols. The American Journal of Human Genetics 72, 717–721 (2003).
288.
Balaresque, P. et al. Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success: young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations. European Journal of Human Genetics 23, 1413–1422 (2015).
289.
Heywood, C. Filling the Black Hole: The Emergence of the Bithynian Atamanates. in The Great Ottoman—Turkish Civilization, vol. 1 (eds. Çiçek, K. & et al.) 107–115 (2000).
290.
Dawson, C. The Mongol mission: narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. vol. Makers of Christendom series (Sheed & Ward, 1955).
291.
Meyvaert, P. An Unknown Letter of Hulagu, Il-Khan of Persia, to King Louis IX of France. Viator 11, 245–260 (1980).
292.
Göckenjan, H. & Sweeney, J. R. Der Mongolensturm: Berichte von Augenzeugen und Zeitgenossen, 1235-1250. (Styria, 1985).
293.
Polo, M. The travels of Marco Polo. (Penguin Books, 1958).
294.
Jacoby, D. Marco Polo, His Close Relatives, and His Travel Account: Some New Insights. Mediterranean Historical Review 21, 193–218 (2006).
295.
Peter Jackson. Marco Polo and His ‘Travels’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 61, 82–101 (1998).
296.
Larner, J. Marco Polo and the discovery of the world. (Yale University Press, 1999).
297.
Wolfe, A. C. Marco Polo: Factotum, Auditor. Language and Political Culture in the Mongol World Empire. Literature Compass 11, 409–422 (2014).
298.
Bacon, R. The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon: a translation. (Russell & Russell, 1962).
299.
Power, A. Roger Bacon and the Defence of Christendom. vol. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
300.
Paris, M. Matthew Paris’s English history: from the year 1235 to 1273. (Bohn, 1852).
301.
Hilpert, H.-E. & German Historical Institute in London. Kaiser und Papstbriefe in den Chronica majora des Matthaus Paris. vol. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Historischen Instituts London (Klett-Cotta, 1981).
302.
Rudolf, K. Die Tartaren 1241/1242. Nachrichten und Wiedergabe: Korrespondenz und Historiographie. Römische Historische Mitteilungen 19, 79–107 (1977).
303.
Saunders, J. J. Matthew Paris and the Mongols. in Essays in medieval history presented to Bertie Wilkinson (eds. Sandquist, T. A. & Powicke, M.) 116–132 (University of Toronto Press, 1969).
304.
Vaughan, R. Matthew Paris. vol. Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought (Cambridge University Press, 1958).
305.
Vincent of Beauvais. Speculum historiale (Excerpta). vol. Brepolis Latin (Brepols Publishers, 2011).
306.
Gregory G. Guzman. The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin. Speculum 49, 287–307 (1974).
307.
William of Rubruck. The mission of William of Rubruck: His journey to the court of the Great Khan Möngke 1253-1255. vol. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society (Hakluyt Society, 1990).
308.
Rubruck, W. of. The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-55. (Hakluyt Society, 1900).
309.
Beazley, C. R. & Ruysbroeck, W. van. The texts and versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis, as printed for the first time by Hakluyt in 1598, together with some shorter pieces. vol. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society (Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1903).
310.
Dawson, C. The Mongol mission: narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. vol. Makers of Christendom series (Sheed & Ward, 1955).
311.
Jackson, P. William of Rubruck in the Mongol Empire: perception and prejudices. in Travel fact and travel fiction: studies on fiction, literary tradition, scholarly discovery, and observation in travel writing (ed. Martels, Z. von) vol. Brill’s studies in intellectual history 54–71 (E.J. Brill, 1994).
312.
Beazley, C. R. & Ruysbroeck, W. van. The texts and versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis, as printed for the first time by Hakluyt in 1598, together with some shorter pieces. vol. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society (Printed for the Hakluyt Society, 1903).
313.
Dawson, C. The Mongol mission: narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. vol. Makers of Christendom series (Sheed & Ward, 1955).
314.
Giovanni, da P. del C. The story of the Mongols whom we call the Tartars =: Historia Mongalorum quos nos Tartaros appellamus : Friar Giovanni di Plano Carpini’s account of his embassy to the court of the Mongol Khan. (Branden Pub. Co, 1996).
315.
Sinor, D. John of Plano Carpini’s Return from the Mongols. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 89, 193–206 (1957).
316.
Czarnowus, A. The Mongols, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe: The Mirabilia Tradition in Benedict of Poland’s and John of Plano Carpini’s. Literature Compass 11, 484–495 (2014).
317.
Gregory G. Guzman. The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin. Speculum 49, 287–307 (1974).
318.
Bennett, S. The report of friar John of Plano Carpini: analysis of an intelligence gathering mission conducted on behalf of the Papacy in the mid thirteenth century. History Studies: University of Limerick History Society Journal 12, 1–14 (2011).
319.
Simon de Saint-Quentin. Histoire des Tartares. vol. Documents relatifs à l’histoire des Croisades (P. Geuthner, 1965).
320.
Gregory G. Guzman. The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin. Speculum 49, 287–307 (1974).
321.
Guzman, G. G. Simon of Saint-Quentin and the Dominican Mission to the Mongol Baiju: A Reappraisal. Speculum 46, (1971).
322.
Thomas of Spalato. Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum. vol. Central European medieval texts (Central European University Press, 2006).
323.
Sweeney, J. R. Thomas of Spalato and the Mongols: a thirteenth-century Dalmatian view of Mongol customs. Florilegium 4, (1982).
324.
Yule, H. & Odorico. The travels of Friar Odoric. vol. Italian texts and studies on religion and society (W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co, 2002).
325.
Moule, A. C. A Life of Odoric of Pordenone. T’oung Pao 20, 275–290 (1921).
326.
Henry of Livonia. The chronicle of Henry of Livonia. vol. Records of Western civilization (Columbia University Press, 2003).
327.
The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016-1471. (1914).
328.
Skelton, R. A. & Painter, G. D. The ‘Vinland map’ and the ‘Tartar relation’. (Yale U.P., 1965).
329.
Rogerius. Gesta Hungarorum. vol. Central European medieval texts (Central European University Press, 2010).
330.
Roger of Apulia. Carmen Miserabile super Destructione Regni Hungariae per Tartaros,. in MGH 29: Ex rerum Ungaricarum scriptoribus saec. XIII (ed. Perlbach, M.).
331.
John of Maignolli. Recollections of Travel in the East. in Cathay and the Way Tither. Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China (ed. Yule, H.) vol. 2 311–394 (1915).
332.
Francis Balducci Pegolotti. Notices of the Land Route to Cathay and of Asiatic Trade in the First Half of the Fourteenth Century. in Cathay and the Way Thither. Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China vol. 2 279–308 (1915).
333.
Dawson Christopher S. Mission to Asia. vol. Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching; 8 (University of Toronto Publishing, 1980).
334.
D. O. Morgan. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa and the Mongols. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11, 1–11 (2001).
335.
Rachewiltz, I. de. The secret history of the Mongols: a Mongolian epic chronicle of the thirteenth century. (Brill, 2006).
336.
Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb. The successors of Genghis Khan. vol. Persian heritage series (Columbia University Press, 1971).
337.
Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb. Compendium of Chronicles. Classical writings of the medieval Islamic world: Persian histories of the Mongol dynasties (I.B. Tauris, 2012).
338.
D. O. Morgan. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa and the Mongols. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11, 1–11 (2001).
339.
Juvayni, A. al-D. A. M., Boyle, J. A. & Morgan, D. Genghis Khan: the history of the world conqueror. vol. Manchester medieval sources series (Manchester University Press, 1997).
340.
Hayton of Gorigos. The Flowers of the Histories of the East.
341.
Gandzakets’i, K. Kirakos Gandzakets’i’s History of the Armenians. (1986).
342.
Osipian, A. Armenian Involvement in the Latin-Mongol Crusade: Uses of the Magi and Prester John in Constable Smbat’s Letter and Hayton of Corycus’s "Flos historiarum terre orientis,” 1248-1307. Medieval Encounters 20, 66–100 (2014).
343.
Thackston, W. M., Khvānd Mīr, G. al-D. ibn H. al-Dīn, Ḥaydar Mīrzā, & Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb. Classical writings of the medieval Islamic world: Persian histories of the Mongol dynasties. (I.B. Tauris, 2012).
344.
Bar Hebraeus & Bodleian Library. The chronography of Gregory Abû’l Faraj, the son of Aaron, the Hebrew physician, commonly known as Bar Hebraeus: being the first part of his political history of the world. (Oxford University Press, 1932).
345.
Sweeney, J. R. Thomas of Spalato and the Mongols: a thirteenth-century Dalmatian view of Mongol customs. Florilegium 4, (1982).
346.
Power, A. Roger Bacon and the Defence of Christendom. vol. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
347.
Haenisch, E. & Olbricht, P. Zum Untergang zweier Reiche: Berichte von Augenzeugen aus den Jahren 1232-33 und 1368-70. vol. 38,4 (Steiner [in Komm.], 1969).
348.
Fennell, J. L. I. & Obolensky, D. A historical Russian reader: a selection of texts from the eleventh to the sixteenth centuries. vol. Oxford Russian readers (Clarendon P, 1969).
