Bibliography for Authoritarianism BETA

Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510809>.

---. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511510809>.

---. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. London: Profile, 2012. Print.

Agnafors, Marcus. ‘Quality of Government: Toward a More Complex Definition’. American Political Science Review 107.03 (2013): 433–445. Web.

Ahlquist, John S., and Erik Wibbels. ‘Riding the Wave: World Trade and Factor-Based Models of Democratization’. American Journal of Political Science 56.2 (2012): 447–464. Web.

Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New rev. ed. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1967. Print.

Arriola, L. R. ‘Patronage and Political Stability in Africa’. Comparative Political Studies 42.10 (2009): 1339–1362. Web.

‘Autocratic Regimes & Authoritarian Regimes’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://dictators.la.psu.edu/>.

Beaulieu, E., and S. D. Hyde. ‘In the Shadow of Democracy Promotion: Strategic Manipulation, International Observers, and Election Boycotts’. Comparative Political Studies 42.3 (2008): 392–415. Web.

Berg-Schlosser, Dirk, and Jeremy Mitchell. Authoritarianism and Democracy in Europe, 1919-39: Comparative Analyses. Advances in political science. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Print.

Besley, Timothy, and Marta Reynal-Querol. ‘Do Democracies Select More Educated Leaders?’ The American Political Science Review 105.3 (2011): 552–566. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41480857>.

Bogaards, Matthijs, and Françoise Boucek. Dominant Political Parties and Democracy: Concepts’ Measures, Cases and Comparisons. Routledge/ECPR studies in European political science. London: Routledge, 2010. Print.

Boix, Carles, and Susan C. Stokes. ‘Endogenous Democratization’. World Politics 55.04 (2003): 517–549. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25054237>.

Brooker, Paul. Non-Democratic Regimes. 3rd ed. Comparative government and politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print.

---. Non-Democratic Regimes. 3rd ed. Comparative government and politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print.

---. Non-Democratic Regimes. 3rd ed. Comparative government and politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print.

---. Non-Democratic Regimes. 3rd ed. Comparative government and politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print.

---. Non-Democratic Regimes. 3rd ed. Comparative government and politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print.

---. Non-Democratic Regimes. 3rd ed. Comparative government and politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print.

---. Non-Democratic Regimes. 3rd ed. Comparative government and politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print.

---. Non-Democratic Regimes. 3rd ed. Comparative government and politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print.

---. Twentieth-Century Dictatorships: The Ideological One-Party States. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1995. Print.

Brownlee, Jason. ‘…And yet They Persist: Explaining Survival and Transition in Neopatrimonial Regimes’. Studies in Comparative International Development 37.3 (2002): 35–63. Web.

---. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.

---. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.

---. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.

---. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.

---. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.

---. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.

---. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.

Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith. ‘Leader Survival, Revolutions, and the Nature of Government Finance’. American Journal of Political Science 54.4 (2010): 936–950. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20788779>.

CARLES BOIX. ‘Democracy, Development, and the International System’. The American Political Science Review 105.4 (2011): 809–828. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23275354>.

Carothers, Thomas. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999. Print.

---. ‘The End of the Transition Paradigm’. Journal of Democracy 13.1 (2002): 5–21. Web.

Chehabi, H. E., and Juan J. Linz. Sultanistic Regimes. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Print.

Christopher Clague, Philip Keefer, Stephen Knack and Mancur Olson. ‘Property and Contract Rights in Autocracies and Democracies’. Journal of Economic Growth 1.2 (1996): 243–276. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40215917>.

Clapham, Christopher S. Private Patronage and Public Power: Political Clientelism in the Modern State. London: Frances Pinter, 1982. Print.

Colaresi, M., and W. R. Thompson. ‘The Economic Development-Democratization Relationship: Does the Outside World Matter?’ Comparative Political Studies 36.4 (2003): 381–403. Web.

Collier, Ruth Berins. Regimes in Tropical Africa: Changing Forms of Supremacy, 1945-1975. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. Print.

‘Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.databanksinternational.com/53.html>.

Dan Slater. ‘Iron Cage in an Iron Fist: Authoritarian Institutions and the Personalization of Power in Malaysia’. Comparative Politics 36.1 (2003): 81–101. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4150161>.

Dankwart A. Rustow. ‘Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model’. Comparative Politics 2.3 (1970): 337–363. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/421307>.

‘Democracy, Autocracy, and Expropriation of Foreign Direct Investment’. Comparative Political Studies 42.8 (2009): 1098–1127. Web.

Di Palma, Giuseppe. To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. Print.

Diamond, Larry Jay. Consolidating the Third Wave Democracies: Themes and Perspectives. Journal of democracy book. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. Print.

---. ‘Thinking About Hybrid Regimes’. Journal of Democracy 13.2 (2002): 21–35. Web.

Diamond, Larry Jay, and Marc F. Plattner. The Global Resurgence of Democracy. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Print.

Dogan, Mattei, and Ali Kazancigil. Comparing Nations: Concepts, Strategies, Substance. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. Print.

Donno, Daniela. ‘Elections and Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes’. American Journal of Political Science 57.3 (2013): 703–716. Web.

Doorenspleet, Renske. Democratic Transitions: Exploring the Structural Sources of the Fourth Wave. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005. Print.

Egorov, Georgy, Sergei Guriev, and Konstantin Sonin. ‘Why Resource-Poor Dictators Allow Freer Media: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data’. The American Political Science Review 103.4 (2009): 645–668. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27798530>.

Erdmann, Gero, and Ulf Engel. ‘Neopatrimonialism Reconsidered: Critical Review and Elaboration of an Elusive Concept’. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 45.1 (2007): 95–119. Web.

Ezrow, Natasha M., Erica Frantz, and Dawson Books. Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders. New York, NY: Continuum, 2011. Web. <https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781441116024>.

---. Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders. New York, NY: Continuum, 2011. Web. <https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781441116024>.

---. Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders. New York, NY: Continuum, 2011. Web. <https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781441116024>.

---. Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders. New York, NY: Continuum, 2011. Web. <https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781441116024>.

Finer, S. E. The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics. 2nd enl. ed., rev.updated. Boulder, Colo: Westview, 1988. Print.

‘Freedom House’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://freedomhouse.org/>.

‘Freedom in the World 2009 | Freedom House’. N.p., n.d. Web. <https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2009?page=363&year=2009#.VX_txka0dAM>.

Friedrich, Carl J., and Zbigniew Brzezinski. Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1965. Print.

Gandhi, J., and A. Przeworski. ‘Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats’. Comparative Political Studies 40.11 (2007): 1279–1301. Web.

---. ‘Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats’. Comparative Political Studies 40.11 (2007): 1279–1301. Web.

---. ‘Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats’. Comparative Political Studies 40.11 (2007): 1279–1301. Web.

Gandhi, Jennifer and Dawson Books. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Web. <https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780511435362>.

---. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Web. <https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9780511435362>.

Gandhi, Jennifer, and Adam Przeworski. ‘Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion under Dictatorships’. Economics and Politics 18.1 (2006): 1–26. Web.

Geddes, Barbara. ‘What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Years?’ Annual Review of Political Science 2.1 (1999): 115–144. Web.

Greene, K. F. ‘The Political Economy of Authoritarian Single-Party Dominance’. Comparative Political Studies 43.7 (2010): 807–834. Web.

Grzymala-Busse, A. ‘Beyond Clientelism: Incumbent State Capture and State Formation’. Comparative Political Studies 41.4–5 (2008): 638–673. Web.

Haber, Stephen, and Victor Menaldo. ‘Do Natural Resources Fuel Authoritarianism? A Reappraisal of the Resource Curse’. The American Political Science Review 105.1 (2011): 1–26. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41480824>.

Hadenius, Axel, and Jan. Teorell. ‘Pathways from Authoritarianism’. Journal of Democracy 18.1 (2007): 143–157. Web.

Haggard, Stephan, and Robert R. Kaufman. ‘Inequality and Regime Change: Democratic Transitions and the Stability of Democratic Rule’. American Political Science Review 106.03 (2012): 495–516. Web.

Helmke, Gretchen, and Steven Levitsky. Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. Print.

Hermet, Guy, Richard Rose, and Alain Rouquié. Elections without Choice. Publications (Committee on Political Sociology). London: Macmillan, 1978. Print.

---. Elections without Choice. Publications (Committee on Political Sociology). London: Macmillan, 1978. Print.

Howard, Philip N. and Oxford University Press. The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Information Technology and Political Islam. Oxford studies in digital politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199736416.001.0001>.

Huntington, Samuel P. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge (Mass.): Belknap P., 1957. Print.

---. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. The Julian J. Rothbaum distinguished lecture series. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. Print.

Huntington, Samuel P., and Clement Henry Moore. Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems. New York: Basic Books, 1970. Print.

Hyde, Susan D. The Pseudo-Democrat’s Dilemma: Why Election Observation Became an International Norm. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2011. Print.

Jason Brownlee. ‘Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies’. World Politics 59.4 (2007): 595–628. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40060174>.

Jensen, Nathan M., Edmund Malesky, and Stephen Weymouth. ‘Unbundling the Relationship between Authoritarian Legislatures and Political Risk’. British Journal of Political Science 44.03 (2014): 655–684. Web.

Jonathan Fox. ‘The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico’. World Politics 46.2 (1994): 151–184. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA15151454&v=2.1&u=glasuni&it=r&p=EAIM&sw=w&asid=952bef9f3c72e9915adf65d1d1d39563>.

Joseph Wright. ‘How Foreign Aid Can Foster Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes’. American Journal of Political Science 53.3 (2009): 552–571. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25548137>.

Karl, Terry Lynn. ‘The Perils of the Petro-State: Reflections on the Paradox of Plenty.’ Journal of International Affairs. Fall 53.1 n. pag. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=2482768&site=ehost-live>.

Kenny, Paul D. ‘The Origins of Patronage Politics: State Building, Centrifugalism, and Decolonization’. British Journal of Political Science 45.01 (2015): 141–171. Web.

‘Key OECD Anti-Corruption Documents - OECD’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.oecd.org/corruption/keyoecdanti-corruptiondocuments.htm>.

KimWonik. ‘Coopting Workers under Dictatorship’. The Journal of Politics 72.3 (2010): 646–658. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/full/10.1017/S0022381610000071>.

Kitschelt, Herbert, and Steven Wilkinson. Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print.

Koehler, Kevin. ‘Authoritarian Elections in Egypt: Formal Institutions and Informal Mechanisms of Rule’. Democratization 15.5 (2008): 974–990. Web.

Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Problems of international politics. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

---. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Problems of international politics. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

---. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Problems of international politics. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

---. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Problems of international politics. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

---. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Problems of international politics. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

---. ‘The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism’. Journal of Democracy 13.2 (2002): 51–65. Web.

---. ‘The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism’. Journal of Democracy 13.2 (2002): 51–65. Web.

---. ‘The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism’. Journal of Democracy 13.2 (2002): 51–65. Web.

---. ‘The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism’. Journal of Democracy 13.2 (2002): 51–65. Web.

---. ‘The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism’. Journal of Democracy 13.2 (2002): 51–65. Web.

Linz, Juan J. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. Print.

---. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. Print.

---. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. Print.

---. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. Print.

---. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. Print.

---. Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. Print.

Linz, Juan J., and Alfred C. Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe,  South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Print.

---. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe,  South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Print.

Lowenthal, Abraham F. Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America : Themes and Issues. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Print.

Lust-Okar, Ellen. ‘Elections under Authoritarianism: Preliminary Lessons from Jordan’. Democratization 13.3 (2006): 456–471. Web.

Magaloni, B. ‘Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule’. Comparative Political Studies 41.4–5 (2008): 715–741. Web.

---. ‘Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule’. Comparative Political Studies 41.4–5 (2008): 715–741. Web.

Malesky, Edmund, Paul Schuler, and Anh Tran. ‘The Adverse Effects of Sunshine: A Field Experiment on Legislative Transparency in an Authoritarian Assembly’. American Political Science Review 106.04 (2012): 762–786. Web.

Malloy, James M. Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America. Pitt Latin American series. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977. Print.

Marc Morjé Howard and Philip G. Roessler. ‘Liberalizing Electoral Outcomes in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes’. American Journal of Political Science 50.2 (2006): 365–381. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3694278>.

Milan Svolik. ‘Authoritarian Reversals and Democratic Consolidation’. The American Political Science Review 102.2 (2008): 153–168. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27644508>.

---. ‘Authoritarian Reversals and Democratic Consolidation’. The American Political Science Review 102.2 (2008): 153–168. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27644508>.

Miller, Michael K. ‘Economic Development, Violent Leader Removal, and Democratization’. American Journal of Political Science 56.4 (2012): 1002–1020. Web.

Moore, Barrington. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, Mass: Beacon Press, 1966. Print.

---. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, Mass: Beacon Press, 1966. Print.

---. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, Mass: Beacon Press, 1966. Print.

Nathan, Andrew J. (Andrew James). ‘Authoritarian Resilience’. Journal of Democracy 14.1 (2003): 6–17. Web.

Nordlinger, Eric A. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments. Prentice-Hall contemporary comparative politics series. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977. Print.

O’Donnell, Guillermo A. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics. Politics of modernization series. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973. Print.

O’Donnell, Guillermo A., Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Print.

Ottaway, Marina. Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-Authoritarianism. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003. Print.

---. Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-Authoritarianism. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003. Print.

Pempel, T. J. et al. Uncommon Democracies: The One-Party Dominant Regimes. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990. Print.

Pepinsky, Thomas. ‘The Institutional Turn in Comparative Authoritarianism’. British Journal of Political Science 44.03 (2014): 631–653. Web.

Perlmutter, Amos and Harvard University. The Military and Politics in Modern Times: On Professionals, Praetorians, and Revolutionary Soldiers. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977. Print.

Piattoni, Simona. Clientelism, Interests, and Democratic Representation: The European Experience in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Cambridge studies in comparative politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Print.

Pietsch, Juliet. ‘Authoritarian Durability: Public Opinion towards Democracy in Southeast Asia’. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 25.1 (2015): 31–46. Web.

‘Pippa Norris Shared Datasets’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Data/Data.htm>.

Plattner, Marc F., and João Carlos Espada. The Democratic Invention. A Journal of democracy book. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. Print.

‘Polity IV Project: Country Reports 2010’. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm>.

Posusney, Marsha Pripstein, and Michele Penner Angrist. Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Regimes and Resistance. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005. Print.

Pratt, Nicola Christine. Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Arab World. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007. Print.

Pridham, Geoffrey, Eric Herring, and George Sanford. Building Democracy?: The International Dimension of Democratisation in Eastern Europe. London: Leicester University Press, 1994. Print.

Przeworski, Adam. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge studies in the theory of democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Print.

Reuter, Ora John, and David Szakonyi. ‘Online Social Media and Political Awareness in Authoritarian Regimes’. British Journal of Political Science 45.01 (2015): 29–51. Web.

Review by:              Nathan Gilbert Quimpo. ‘Review: Oligarchic Patrimonialism, Bossism, Electoral Clientelism, and Contested Democracy in the Philippines’. Comparative Politics 37.2 (2005): 229–250. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20072884>.

Robert H. Jackson and Carl G. Rosberg. ‘Personal Rule: Theory and Practice in Africa’. Comparative Politics 16.4 (1984): 421–442. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/421948>.

Ross, Michael L. ‘Does Oil Hinder Democracy?’ World Politics 53.03 (2001): 325–361. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v053/53.3ross.html>.

Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Evelyne Huber, and John D. Stephens. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Cambridge: Polity, 1992. Print.

---. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Cambridge: Polity, 1992. Print.

Schedler, Andreas. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, 2006. Print.

---. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, 2006. Print.

---. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, 2006. Print.

---. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, 2006. Print.

---. ‘The Menu of Manipulation’. Journal of Democracy 13.2 (2002): 36–50. Web.

Schedler, Andreas and Oxford University Press. The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism. Oxford studies in democratization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199680320.001.0001>.

Smith, Benjamin. ‘Life of the Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence under Single-Party Rule’. World Politics 57.03 (2005): 421–451. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v057/57.3smith.html>.

---. ‘Life of the Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence under Single-Party Rule’. World Politics 57.03 (2005): 421–451. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/world_politics/v057/57.3smith.html>.

Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way. ‘Linkage versus Leverage. Rethinking the International Dimension of Regime Change’. Comparative Politics 38.4 (2006): 379–400. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20434008>.

Stokes, Susan C. ‘Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina’. American Political Science Review 99.03 (2005): n. pag. Web.

Susan D. Hyde. ‘Catch Us If You Can: Election Monitoring and International Norm Diffusion’. American Journal of Political Science 55.2 (2011): 356–369. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23025056>.

Svolik, Milan W. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176040>.

---. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176040>.

---. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176040>.

---. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176040>.

---. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176040>.

---. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139176040>.

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