1.
Brooker, P. Non-democratic regimes. vol. Comparative government and politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
2.
Brownlee, J. Authoritarianism in an age of democratization. (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
3.
Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. A. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
4.
Brooker, P. Non-democratic regimes. vol. Comparative government and politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
5.
Brownlee, J. Authoritarianism in an age of democratization. (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
6.
Linz, J. J. Totalitarian and authoritarian regimes. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).
7.
Gandhi, J. & Dawson Books. Political institutions under dictatorship. (Cambridge University Press, 2008).
8.
Levitsky, S. & Way, L. Competitive authoritarianism: hybrid regimes after the Cold War. vol. Problems of international politics (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
9.
Schedler, A. & Oxford University Press. The politics of uncertainty: sustaining and subverting electoral authoritarianism. vol. Oxford studies in democratization (Oxford University Press, 2013).
10.
Svolik, M. W. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. vol. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
11.
Key OECD anti-corruption documents - OECD. http://www.oecd.org/corruption/keyoecdanti-corruptiondocuments.htm.
12.
Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/.
13.
Polity IV Project: Country Reports 2010. http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm.
14.
Worldwide Governance Indicators | Data. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/worldwide-governance-indicators.
15.
Cross-National Time-Series Data Archive. http://www.databanksinternational.com/53.html.
16.
Pippa Norris Shared Datasets. http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Data/Data.htm.
17.
Transparency International - The Global Anti-Corruption Coalition. http://www.transparency.org/.
18.
Autocratic Regimes & Authoritarian Regimes. http://dictators.la.psu.edu/.
19.
Brooker, P. Non-democratic regimes. vol. Comparative government and politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
20.
Geddes, B. What Do We Know about Democratization after Twenty Years? Annual Review of Political Science 2, 115–144 (1999).
21.
Levitsky, S. & Way, L. The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 13, 51–65 (2002).
22.
Agnafors, M. Quality of Government: Toward a More Complex Definition. American Political Science Review 107, 433–445 (2013).
23.
Brownlee, J. Authoritarianism in an age of democratization. (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
24.
Diamond, L. J. Thinking About Hybrid Regimes. Journal of Democracy 13, 21–35 (2002).
25.
Linz, J. J. Totalitarian and authoritarian regimes. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).
26.
Moore, B. Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: lord and peasant in the making of the modern world. (Beacon Press, 1966).
27.
Ottaway, M. Democracy challenged: the rise of semi-authoritarianism. vol. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003).
28.
Reuter, O. J. & Szakonyi, D. Online Social Media and Political Awareness in Authoritarian Regimes. British Journal of Political Science 45, 29–51 (2015).
29.
Schedler, A. Electoral authoritarianism: the dynamics of unfree competition. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, 2006).
30.
Milan Svolik. Authoritarian Reversals and Democratic Consolidation. The American Political Science Review 102, 153–168 (2008).
31.
Svolik, M. W. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. vol. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
32.
Brownlee, J. Authoritarianism in an age of democratization. (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
33.
Linz, J. J. Totalitarian and authoritarian regimes. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).
34.
Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. A. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
35.
Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. A. Why nations fail: the origins of power, prosperity and poverty. (Profile, 2012).
36.
Arendt, H. The origins of totalitarianism. (George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1967).
37.
Berg-Schlosser, D. & Mitchell, J. Authoritarianism and democracy in Europe, 1919-39: comparative analyses. vol. Advances in political science (Palgrave Macmillan, 2002).
38.
Christopher Clague, Philip Keefer, Stephen Knack and Mancur Olson. Property and Contract Rights in Autocracies and Democracies. Journal of Economic Growth 1, 243–276 (1996).
39.
Collier, R. B. Regimes in tropical Africa: changing forms of supremacy, 1945-1975. (University of California Press, 1982).
40.
Dogan, M. & Kazancigil, A. Comparing nations: concepts, strategies, substance. (Blackwell, 1994).
41.
Friedrich, C. J. & Brzezinski, Z. Totalitarian dictatorship and autocracy. (Harvard University Press, 1965).
42.
Howard, P. N. & Oxford University Press. The digital origins of dictatorship and democracy: information technology and political Islam. vol. Oxford studies in digital politics (Oxford University Press, 2010).
43.
Kenny, P. D. The Origins of Patronage Politics: State Building, Centrifugalism, and Decolonization. British Journal of Political Science 45, 141–171 (2015).
44.
Levitsky, S. & Way, L. The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 13, 51–65 (2002).
45.
Levitsky, S. & Way, L. Competitive authoritarianism: hybrid regimes after the Cold War. vol. Problems of international politics (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
46.
Malloy, J. M. Authoritarianism and corporatism in Latin America. vol. Pitt Latin American series (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977).
47.
Miller, M. K. Economic Development, Violent Leader Removal, and Democratization. American Journal of Political Science 56, 1002–1020 (2012).
48.
Moore, B. Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: lord and peasant in the making of the modern world. (Beacon Press, 1966).
49.
O’Donnell, G. A. Modernization and bureaucratic-authoritarianism: studies in South American politics. vol. Politics of modernization series (Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1973).
50.
Posusney, M. P. & Angrist, M. P. Authoritarianism in the Middle East: regimes and resistance. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005).
51.
Rueschemeyer, D., Huber, E. & Stephens, J. D. Capitalist development and democracy. (Polity, 1992).
52.
Freedom in the World 2009 | Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2009?page=363&year=2009#.VX_txka0dAM.
53.
Gandhi, J. & Dawson Books. Political institutions under dictatorship. (Cambridge University Press, 2008).
54.
Svolik, M. W. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. vol. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
55.
Brownlee, J. Authoritarianism in an age of democratization. (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
56.
Egorov, G., Guriev, S. & Sonin, K. Why Resource-poor Dictators Allow Freer Media: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data. The American Political Science Review 103, 645–668 (2009).
57.
Ezrow, N. M., Frantz, E., & Dawson Books. Dictators and dictatorships: understanding authoritarian regimes and their leaders. (Continuum, 2011).
58.
Gandhi, J. & Przeworski, A. Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats. Comparative Political Studies 40, 1279–1301 (2007).
59.
Haber, S. & Menaldo, V. Do Natural Resources Fuel Authoritarianism? A Reappraisal of the Resource Curse. The American Political Science Review 105, 1–26 (2011).
60.
Karl, Terry Lynn. The Perils of the Petro-State: Reflections on the Paradox of Plenty. Journal of International Affairs. Fall 53,.
61.
Levitsky, S. & Way, L. The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 13, 51–65 (2002).
62.
Levitsky, S. & Way, L. Competitive authoritarianism: hybrid regimes after the Cold War. vol. Problems of international politics (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
63.
Linz, J. J. Totalitarian and authoritarian regimes. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).
64.
Nathan, A. J. (Andrew J. Authoritarian Resilience. Journal of Democracy 14, 6–17 (2003).
65.
Pietsch, J. Authoritarian Durability: Public Opinion towards Democracy in Southeast Asia. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 25, 31–46 (2015).
66.
Ross, M. L. Does Oil Hinder Democracy? World Politics 53, 325–361 (2001).
67.
Brooker, P. Non-democratic regimes. vol. Comparative government and politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
68.
Brownlee, J. Authoritarianism in an age of democratization. (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
69.
Bogaards, M. & Boucek, F. Dominant political parties and democracy: concepts’ measures, cases and comparisons. vol. Routledge/ECPR studies in European political science (Routledge, 2010).
70.
Brooker, P. Twentieth-century dictatorships: the ideological one-party states. (Macmillan, 1995).
71.
Brownlee, J. Authoritarianism in an age of democratization. (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
72.
Ezrow, N. M., Frantz, E., & Dawson Books. Dictators and dictatorships: understanding authoritarian regimes and their leaders. (Continuum, 2011).
73.
Greene, K. F. The Political Economy of Authoritarian Single-Party Dominance. Comparative Political Studies 43, 807–834 (2010).
74.
Hadenius, A. & Teorell, Jan. Pathways from Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 18, 143–157 (2007).
75.
Huntington, S. P. & Moore, C. H. Authoritarian politics in modern society: the dynamics of established one-party systems. (Basic Books, 1970).
76.
Linz, J. J. Totalitarian and authoritarian regimes. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).
77.
Magaloni, B. Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule. Comparative Political Studies 41, 715–741 (2008).
78.
Pempel, T. J., Joint Committee on Japanese Studies, Joint Committee on Western Europe, & Nihon Gakujutsu Shinkōkai. Uncommon democracies: the one-party dominant regimes. (Cornell University Press, 1990).
79.
Pratt, N. C. Democracy and authoritarianism in the Arab world. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2007).
80.
Smith, B. Life of the Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence under Single-Party Rule. World Politics 57, 421–451 (2005).
81.
Svolik, M. W. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. vol. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
82.
White, S., Pravda, A. & Gitelman, Z. Y. Developments in Russian and post-Soviet politics. (Macmillan, 1994).
83.
Brooker, P. Non-democratic regimes. vol. Comparative government and politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
84.
Ezrow, N. M., Frantz, E., & Dawson Books. Dictators and dictatorships: understanding authoritarian regimes and their leaders. (Continuum, 2011).
85.
Schedler, A. Electoral authoritarianism: the dynamics of unfree competition. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, 2006).
86.
Finer, S. E. The man on horseback: the role of the military in politics. (Westview, 1988).
87.
Huntington, S. P. The soldier and the state: the theory and politics of civil-military relations. (Belknap P., 1957).
88.
Nordlinger, E. A. Soldiers in politics: military coups and governments. vol. Prentice-Hall contemporary comparative politics series (Prentice-Hall, 1977).
89.
Perlmutter, A. & Harvard University. The military and politics in modern times: on professionals, praetorians, and revolutionary soldiers. (Yale University Press, 1977).
90.
Smith, B. Life of the Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence under Single-Party Rule. World Politics 57, 421–451 (2005).
91.
Svolik, M. W. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. vol. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
92.
Thompson, William R. Corporate Coup-Maker Grievances and Types of Regime Targets. Comparative Political Studies 12,.
93.
Brooker, P. Non-democratic regimes. vol. Comparative government and politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
94.
Brownlee, J. …And yet they persist: Explaining survival and transition in neopatrimonial regimes. Studies in Comparative International Development 37, 35–63 (2002).
95.
Jason Brownlee. Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies. World Politics 59, 595–628 (2007).
96.
Chehabi, H. E. & Linz, J. J. Sultanistic regimes. (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).
97.
Erdmann, G. & Engel, U. Neopatrimonialism Reconsidered: Critical Review and Elaboration of an Elusive Concept. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 45, 95–119 (2007).
98.
Ezrow, N. M., Frantz, E., & Dawson Books. Dictators and dictatorships: understanding authoritarian regimes and their leaders. (Continuum, 2011).
99.
Robert H. Jackson and Carl G. Rosberg. Personal Rule: Theory and Practice in Africa. Comparative Politics 16, 421–442 (1984).
100.
Linz, J. J. Totalitarian and authoritarian regimes. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000).
101.
Review by: Nathan Gilbert Quimpo. Review: Oligarchic Patrimonialism, Bossism, Electoral Clientelism, and Contested Democracy in the Philippines. Comparative Politics 37, 229–250 (2005).
102.
Dan Slater. Iron Cage in an Iron Fist: Authoritarian Institutions and the Personalization of Power in Malaysia. Comparative Politics 36, 81–101 (2003).
103.
Svolik, M. W. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. vol. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
104.
Gandhi, J. & Przeworski, A. Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats. Comparative Political Studies 40, 1279–1301 (2007).
105.
Magaloni, B. Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule. Comparative Political Studies 41, 715–741 (2008).
106.
Schedler, A. The Menu of Manipulation. Journal of Democracy 13, 36–50 (2002).
107.
Arriola, L. R. Patronage and Political Stability in Africa. Comparative Political Studies 42, 1339–1362 (2009).
108.
Besley, T. & Reynal-Querol, M. Do Democracies Select More Educated Leaders? The American Political Science Review 105, 552–566 (2011).
109.
Clapham, C. S. Private patronage and public power: political clientelism in the modern state. (Frances Pinter, 1982).
110.
Grzymala-Busse, A. Beyond Clientelism: Incumbent State Capture and State Formation. Comparative Political Studies 41, 638–673 (2008).
111.
Helmke, G. & Levitsky, S. Informal institutions and democracy: lessons from Latin America. (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
112.
Hermet, G., Rose, R. & Rouquié, A. Elections without choice. vol. Publications (Committee on Political Sociology) (Macmillan, 1978).
113.
Marc Morjé Howard and Philip G. Roessler. Liberalizing Electoral Outcomes in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes. American Journal of Political Science 50, 365–381 (2006).
114.
Jensen, N. M., Malesky, E. & Weymouth, S. Unbundling the Relationship between Authoritarian Legislatures and Political Risk. British Journal of Political Science 44, 655–684 (2014).
115.
KimWonik. Coopting Workers under Dictatorship. The Journal of Politics 72, 646–658 (2010).
116.
Levitsky, S. & Way, L. The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 13, 51–65 (2002).
117.
Levitsky, S. & Way, L. Competitive authoritarianism: hybrid regimes after the Cold War. vol. Problems of international politics (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
118.
Kitschelt, H. & Wilkinson, S. Patrons, clients, and policies: patterns of democratic accountability and political competition. (Cambridge University Press, 2007).
119.
Koehler, K. Authoritarian Elections in Egypt: Formal Institutions and Informal Mechanisms of Rule. Democratization 15, 974–990 (2008).
120.
Lust-Okar, E. Elections under authoritarianism: Preliminary lessons from Jordan. Democratization 13, 456–471 (2006).
121.
Malesky, E., Schuler, P. & Tran, A. The Adverse Effects of Sunshine: A Field Experiment on Legislative Transparency in an Authoritarian Assembly. American Political Science Review 106, 762–786 (2012).
122.
Pepinsky, T. The Institutional Turn in Comparative Authoritarianism. British Journal of Political Science 44, 631–653 (2014).
123.
Piattoni, S. Clientelism, interests, and democratic representation: the European experience in historical and comparative perspective. vol. Cambridge studies in comparative politics (Cambridge University Press, 2001).
124.
Hermet, G., Rose, R. & Rouquié, A. Elections without choice. vol. Publications (Committee on Political Sociology) (Macmillan, 1978).
125.
Schedler, A. Electoral authoritarianism: the dynamics of unfree competition. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, 2006).
126.
Stokes, S. C. Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina. American Political Science Review 99, (2005).
127.
Svolik, M. W. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. vol. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
128.
Huntington, S. P. The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century. vol. The Julian J. Rothbaum distinguished lecture series (University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
129.
Dankwart A. Rustow. Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model. Comparative Politics 2, 337–363 (1970).
130.
Ahlquist, J. S. & Wibbels, E. Riding the Wave: World Trade and Factor-Based Models of Democratization. American Journal of Political Science 56, 447–464 (2012).
131.
CARLES BOIX. Democracy, Development, and the International System. The American Political Science Review 105, 809–828 (2011).
132.
Boix, C. & Stokes, S. C. Endogenous Democratization. World Politics 55, 517–549 (2003).
133.
Brooker, P. Non-democratic regimes. vol. Comparative government and politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
134.
Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith. Leader Survival, Revolutions, and the Nature of Government Finance. American Journal of Political Science 54, 936–950 (2010).
135.
Di Palma, G. To craft democracies: an essay on democratic transitions. (University of California Press, 1990).
136.
Donno, D. Elections and Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes. American Journal of Political Science 57, 703–716 (2013).
137.
Doorenspleet, R. Democratic transitions: exploring the structural sources of the fourth wave. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005).
138.
Jonathan Fox. The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico. World Politics 46, 151–184 (1994).
139.
Haggard, S. & Kaufman, R. R. Inequality and Regime Change: Democratic Transitions and the Stability of Democratic Rule. American Political Science Review 106, 495–516 (2012).
140.
Linz, J. J. & Stepan, A. C. Problems of democratic transition and consolidation: southern Europe, South America, and post-communist Europe. (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
141.
Moore, B. Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: lord and peasant in the making of the modern world. (Beacon Press, 1966).
142.
O’Donnell, G. A., Schmitter, P. C. & Whitehead, L. Transitions from authoritarian rule. (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
143.
Przeworski, A. Democracy and development: political institutions and well-being in the world, 1950-1990. vol. Cambridge studies in the theory of democracy (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
144.
Rueschemeyer, D., Huber, E. & Stephens, J. D. Capitalist development and democracy. (Polity, 1992).
145.
Brooker, P. Non-democratic regimes. vol. Comparative government and politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
146.
Carothers, T. The End of the Transition Paradigm. Journal of Democracy 13, 5–21 (2002).
147.
Diamond, L. J. Consolidating the third wave democracies: themes and perspectives. vol. Journal of democracy book (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
148.
Gandhi, J. & Przeworski, A. Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion under Dictatorships. Economics and Politics 18, 1–26 (2006).
149.
Gandhi, J. & Przeworski, A. Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats. Comparative Political Studies 40, 1279–1301 (2007).
150.
Levitsky, S. & Way, L. The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 13, 51–65 (2002).
151.
Diamond, L. J. & Plattner, M. F. The global resurgence of democracy. (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
152.
Ottaway, M. Democracy challenged: the rise of semi-authoritarianism. vol. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003).
153.
Schedler, A. Electoral authoritarianism: the dynamics of unfree competition. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, 2006).
154.
Milan Svolik. Authoritarian Reversals and Democratic Consolidation. The American Political Science Review 102, 153–168 (2008).
155.
Colaresi, M. & Thompson, W. R. The Economic Development-Democratization Relationship: Does the Outside World Matter? Comparative Political Studies 36, 381–403 (2003).
156.
Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way. Linkage versus Leverage. Rethinking the International Dimension of Regime Change. Comparative Politics 38, 379–400 (2006).
157.
Joseph Wright. How Foreign Aid Can Foster Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes. American Journal of Political Science 53, 552–571 (2009).
158.
Carothers, T. Aiding democracy abroad: the learning curve. (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999).
159.
Beaulieu, E. & Hyde, S. D. In the Shadow of Democracy Promotion: Strategic Manipulation, International Observers, and Election Boycotts. Comparative Political Studies 42, 392–415 (2008).
160.
Von Hippel, K. Democracy by force: US military intervention in the post-Cold War world. (Cambridge University Press, 2000).
161.
Hyde, S. D. The pseudo-democrat’s dilemma: why election observation became an international norm. (Cornell University Press, 2011).
162.
Susan D. Hyde. Catch Us If You Can: Election Monitoring and International Norm Diffusion. American Journal of Political Science 55, 356–369 (2011).
163.
Yuichi KonoDaniel. Does Foreign Aid Support Autocrats, Democrats, or Both? The Journal of Politics 71, 704–718 (2009).
164.
Levitsky, S. & Way, L. Competitive authoritarianism: hybrid regimes after the Cold War. vol. Problems of international politics (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
165.
Democracy, Autocracy, and Expropriation of Foreign Direct Investment. Comparative Political Studies 42, 1098–1127 (2009).
166.
Linz, J. J. & Stepan, A. C. Problems of democratic transition and consolidation: southern Europe, South America, and post-communist Europe. (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
167.
Lowenthal, A. F. Exporting democracy: the United States and Latin America : themes and issues. (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
168.
Plattner, M. F. & Espada, J. C. The democratic invention. vol. A Journal of democracy book (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).
169.
Pridham, G., Herring, E. & Sanford, G. Building democracy?: the international dimension of democratisation in Eastern Europe. (Leicester University Press, 1994).
170.
Vanderhill, R. Promoting authoritarianism abroad. (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2013).
171.
Whitehead, L. & Oxford University Press. The international dimensions of democratization: Europe and the Americas. vol. Oxford studies in democratization (Oxford University Press, 2001).
172.
Wright, J. To Invest or Insure?: How Authoritarian Time Horizons Impact Foreign Aid Effectiveness. Comparative Political Studies 41, 971–1000 (2008).
