[1]
A. J. FOREY 1980. THE MILITARY ORDERS IN THE CRUSADING PROPOSALS OF THE LATE-THIRTEENTH AND EARLY-FOURTEENTH CENTURIES. Traditio. 36, (1980), 317–345.
[2]
Ailes, M. et al. 2003. The history of the Holy War: Ambroise’s Estoire de la guerre sainte. Boydell Press.
[3]
Albert 2016. Albert of Aachen’s History of the journey to Jerusalem: Volume 1: The First Crusade, 1095-1099. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
[4]
Allmand, C.T. 1999. War and the non-combatant in the middle ages. Medieval warfare: a history. Oxford University Press. 163–183.
[5]
Anon 1992. Richard the Lionheart. Proquest LLC.
[6]
Anonymous 1831. Poem describing the assault on Mansoura. Excerpta historica, or, llustrations of English history. S. Bentley, ed. Printed by and for Samuel Bentley. 64–84.
[7]
Asbridge, T.S. 2000. The creation of the principality of Antioch, 1098-1130. Boydell.
[8]
Asbridge, T.S. 2005. The first crusade: a new history. Oxford University Press.
[9]
Ashe, L. 2014. The Ideal of Knighthood in English and French Writing, 1100-1230: Crusade, Piety, Chivalry and Patriotism. Writing the early Crusades: text, transmission and memory. M.G. Bull and D. Kempf, eds. Boydell Press. 155–168.
[10]
Ayalon, D. 1994. Islam and the abode of war: military slaves and Islamic adversaries. Variorum.
[11]
Ayalon, D. 1953. Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army--II. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 15, 3 (1953), 448–476.
[12]
Ayalon, D. 1988. The Auxiliary Forces of the Mamluk Sultanate. Der Islam; Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur des Islamischen Orients. 65, (1988).
[13]
Ayalon, D. 1996. The Mamluks of the Seljuks: Islam’s Military Might at the Crossroads. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6, 3 (1996), 305–333.
[14]
Bachrach, Bernard.S. 1994. Medieval siege warfare: A reconnaissance - The Medieval Siege by Jim Bradbury / Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century by R. Rogers / Arms and Armour of the Crusading Era: 1050-1350 by David C. Nicolle (Book Review). The Journal of Military History. 58, 1 (1994), 119–134.
[15]
Bachrach, D.S. 2003. Religion and the conduct of war, c.300-1215. Boydell Press.
[16]
Baldwin, M.W. 1969. Raymond III of Tripolis and the fall of Jerusalem (1140-1187). Adolf M. Hakkert.
[17]
Bar Hebraeus 1932. The chronography of Gregory Abû’l Faraj, the son of Aaron, the Hebrew physician, commonly known as Bar Hebraeus: being the first part of his political history of the world. Oxford University Press.
[18]
Barber, M. 1998. Frontier warfare in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem: the campaign of Jacob’s Ford, 1178-1179. The Crusades and their sources: essays presented to Bernard Hamilton. J. France and W.G. Zajac, eds. Ashgate. 9–22.
[19]
Barber, M. 2012. The crusader states. Yale University Press.
[20]
Barber, M. 1994. The military orders: fighting for the faith and caring for the sick. Variorum.
[21]
Barber, M. 1994. The new knighthood: a history of the Order of the Temple. Cambridge University Press.
[22]
Barber, M. and Bate, A.K. 2010. Letters from the East: crusaders, pilgrims and settlers in the 12th-13th centuries. Ashgate.
[23]
Barber, M. and Bate, A.K. 2010. Letters from the East: crusaders, pilgrims and settlers in the 12th-13th centuries. Ashgate.
[24]
Bennett, M. 1988. La Règle du Temple as a military manual or how to deliver a cavalry charge. Studies in medieval history presented to R. Allen Brown. Boydell Press.
[25]
Bennett, M. 1988. La Règle du Temple as a military manual or how to deliver a cavalry charge. Studies in medieval history presented to R. Allen Brown. Boydell Press.
[26]
Bennett, M. 2001. The Crusaders’ `Fighting March’ Revisited. War in History. 8, 1 (Jan. 2001), 1–18. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/096834450100800101.
[27]
Bennett, M. 2005. The myth of military supremacy of knightly cavalry. Medieval warfare 1000-1300. J. France, ed. Ashgate. 171–184.
[28]
Bentley, S. 1831. Poem describing the Assault of Massoura; and more particularly the valiant conduct and death of William de Longespee, commonly called Earl of Salisbury, and  of several English Knights in the crusade by King Louis IX. King of France . 24 Hen. III. 1250 (Cotton MS. British Museum). Excerpta Historica, or Illustrations of English history [edited by Samuel Bentley] : Bentley, Samuel, 1785-1868. S. Bentley, ed.
[29]
Bonner, M.D. 1996. Aristocratic violence and holy war: studies in the jihad and the Arab-Byzantine frontier. American Oriental Society.
[30]
Bonner, M.D. and Walter de Gruyter & Co 2006. Jihad in Islamic history: doctrines and practice. Princeton University Press.
[31]
Bradbury, J. 1992. The medieval siege. The Boydell Press.
[32]
Bradbury, J. 2004. The Routledge companion to medieval warfare. Routledge.
[33]
Brett, M. 2004. Abbasids, Fatimids and Seljuqs. The new Cambridge medieval history. Cambridge University Press. 675–720.
[34]
Brett, M. 2017. The Near East on the Eve of the Crusades. The Eastern Mediterranean Frontier of Latin Christendom. J. Stuckey, ed. Routledge. 285–302.
[35]
Brett, M. 2017. The Near East on the Eve of the Crusades. The Eastern Mediterranean Frontier of Latin Christendom. J. Stuckey, ed. Routledge. 285–302.
[36]
Brett, M. 2017. The Near East on the Eve of the Crusades. The Eastern Mediterranean Frontier of Latin Christendom. J. Stuckey, ed. Routledge. 285–302.
[37]
Bronstein, J. 2005. The Hospitallers and the Holy Land: financing the Latin East, 1187-1274. Boydell Press.
[38]
Brundage, J. 2003. Crusades, Clerics and Violence: Reflections on a Canonical Theme. The experience of crusading: Vol. 1: Western approaches. M.G. Bull and N. Housley, eds. Cambridge University Press. 174–156.
[39]
Brundage, J.A. 1962. De expugnatione terrae sanctae per Saladinum. The Crusades: a documentary survey. Marquette University Press. 153–159.
[40]
Buc, P. 2015. Holy war, martyrdom, and terror: Christianity, violence, and the West. University of Pennsylvania Press.
[41]
Buc, P. and Walter de Gruyter & Co 2015. Holy war, martyrdom, and terror: Christianity, violence, and the West, ca. 70 C.E. to the Iraq War. University of Pennsylvania Press.
[42]
Buchet, C. et al. eds. 2017. The sea in history =: La mer dans l’histoire. The Boydell Press.
[43]
Bull, M.G. 2018. Eyewitness and crusade narrative: perception and narration in accounts of the Second, Third and Fourth Crusades. The Boydell Press.
[44]
Bull, M.G. 1993. Knightly piety and the lay response to the First Crusade: the Limousin and Gascony, c. 970-c. 1130. Clarendon Press.
[45]
Charles R., B. 1996. Tactical and strategic weaknesses of horse archers on the eve of the First Crusade. Autour de la première croisade: actes du Colloque de la Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East: Clermont-Ferrand, 22-25 juin 1995. M. Balard, ed. 159–166.
[46]
Chazan, R. 2009. "Let Not a Remnant or a Residue Escape”: Millenarian Enthusiasm in the First Crusade. Speculum. 84, 02 (Apr. 2009), 289–313. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0038713400018054.
[47]
Chevedden, P. et al. 1995. The Trebuchet. Scientific American. (1995), 66–71.
[48]
Chevedden, P.E. 2011. The View of the Crusades from Rome and Damascus: The Geo-Strategic and Historical Perspectives of Pope Urban II and Alī ibn āhir al-Sulamī. Oriens. 39, 2 (Jan. 2011), 257–329. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1163/187783711X588132.
[49]
Christie, N. 2007. Jerusalem in the Kitab Al-Jihad of Ali ibn Tahir Al-Sulami. Medieval Encounters. 13, 2 (Jun. 2007), 209–221. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1163/157006707X194968.
[50]
Christie, N. 2006. Religious Campaign or War of Conquest? Muslim Views of the Motives of the First Crusade. Noble ideals and bloody realities: warfare in the Middle Ages. N. Christie and M. Yazigi, eds. Brill. 57–74.
[51]
Christie, N. and Gerish, D. 2003. Parallel Preachings: Urban II and al-Sulamī. Al-Masaq. 15, 2 (Sep. 2003), 139–148. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/0950311032000117430.
[52]
Christie, N. and Taylor & Francis Group 2020. Muslims and crusaders: Christianity’s wars in the Middle East, 1095-1382, from the Islamic sources. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
[53]
Christie, N. and Yazigi, M. 2006. Noble ideals and bloody realities: warfare in the middle ages. Brill.
[54]
Cobb, P.M. 2014. The race for paradise: an Islamic history of the crusades. Oxford University Press.
[55]
Comnena, A. and Sewter, E.R.A. 1969. The Alexiad. Penguin Books.
[56]
Contamine, P. 1984. War in the Middle Ages. Blackwell.
[57]
Coulson, C. 2003. Castles in medieval society: fortresses in England, France, and Ireland in the central Middle Ages. Oxford University Press.
[58]
Coulson, C. 1996. Cultural realities and reappraisals in English castle-study. Journal of Medieval History. 22, 2 (Jan. 1996), 171–207. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4181(96)80483-0.
[59]
Cowdrey, H.E.J. 1985. Martyrdom and the First Crusade. Crusade and settlement: papers read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and presented to R.C. Smail. P.W. Edbury, ed. University College Cardiff Press. 46–56.
[60]
Crawford, P. 2016. The ‘Templar of Tyre’: Part III of the ‘Deeds of the Cypriots’. Routledge.
[61]
Crosby, E.U. 2000. Medieval warfare: a bibliographical guide. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
[62]
Daftary, F. 2007. The Ismʻ̄ıl̄ıs: their history and doctrines. Cambridge University Press.
[63]
Dajani-Shakeel, H. 1978. Displacement of the Palestinians during the crusades. The Muslim World. 68, 3 (Jul. 1978), 157–175. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1978.tb03351.x.
[64]
Dajani-Shakeel, H. 1976. JIHAD IN TWELFTH-CENTURY ARABIC POETRY: A MORAL AND RELIGIOUS FORCE TO COUNTER THE CRUSADES. The Muslim World. 66, 2 (Apr. 1976), 96–113. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1976.tb03190.x.
[65]
David Ayalon 1953. Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army --I. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 15, 2 (1953), 203–228.
[66]
David Ayalon 1954. Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army--III. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 16, 1 (1954), 57–90.
[67]
De Souza, P. and France, J. 2008. War and peace in ancient and medieval history. Cambridge University Press.
[68]
DeVries, K. 2005. A cumulative bibliography of medieval military history and technology: update 2004. Brill.
[69]
DeVries, K. 1992. Medieval military technology. Broadview Press.
[70]
DeVries, K.R. 2006. Medieval Warfare and the Value of a Human Life. Noble ideals and bloody realities: warfare in the Middle Ages. N. Christie and M. Yazigi, eds. Brill. 27–56.
[71]
Dominic, F. 1993. Oliver of Paderborn and his siege engine at Damietta. Nottingham Medieval Studies. 37, (1993), 28–32.
[72]
Dostourian, A.E. et al. 1993. Armenia and the Crusades: tenth to twelfth centuries : the Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa. University Press of America.
[73]
Dostourian, A.E. et al. 1993. Armenia and the Crusades: tenth to twelfth centuries : the Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa. University Press of America.
[74]
Edbury, P. 1999. Warfare in the Latin East. Medieval warfare: a history. Oxford University Press. 89–112.
[75]
Edgington, S.B. 1996. The doves of war: The part played by carrier pigeons in the crusades. Autour de la première croisade: actes du Colloque de la Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East: Clermont-Ferrand, 22-25 juin 1995. M. Balard, ed. 167–175.
[76]
Edwards, R.W. 1987. The fortifications of Armenian Cilicia. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
[77]
Ehrenkreutz, A.S. 1955. The Place of Saladin in the Naval History of the Mediterranean Sea in the Middle Ages. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 75, 2 (1955), 100–116.
[78]
Ehrenkreutz, A.S. 1955. The Place of Saladin in the Naval History of the Mediterranean Sea in the Middle Ages. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 75, 2 (1955), 100–116.
[79]
Ehrenkreutz, A.S. and American Council of Learned Societies 1972. Saladin. State University of New York Press.
[80]
Ehrlich, M. 2007. The battle of Hattin: a chronicle of a defeat foretold? Journal of medieval military history. 5, (2007), 16–32.
[81]
El-Azhari, T.K. 1997. The Saljuqs of Syria: during the Crusades, 463-549 A.H./1070-1154 A.D. Klaus Schwarz.
[82]
El-Azhari, T.K. 2016. Zengi and the Muslim response to the Crusades: the politics of jihad. Routledge.
[83]
Ellenblum, R. 2007. Crusader castles and modern histories. Cambridge University Press.
[84]
Ellenblum, R. 2001. Frankish and Muslim siege warfare and the construction of Frankich concentric castles. Dei gesta per Francos: etudes sur les croisades dédiées à Jean Richard, crusade studies in honour of Jean Richard. Ashgate. 187–198.
[85]
Ellenblum, R. 2006. Frankish castle-building in the latin kingdom of Jerusalem. Medieval warfare: 1000 - 1300. J. France, ed. Ashgate. 487–492.
[86]
Ellenblum, R. 2007. Geography of fear and the spatial distribution of Frankish castles. Crusader castles and modern histories. Cambridge University Press. 103–186.
[87]
Ellenblum, R. 2012. The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean. Cambridge University Press.
[88]
Favreau-Lilie, M.-L. 1993. The military orders and the escape of the Christian population from the Holy Land in 1291. Journal of Medieval History. 19, 3 (Jan. 1993), 201–227. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(93)90014-4.
[89]
Favreau-Lilie, M.-L. 1993. The military orders and the escape of the Christian population from the Holy Land in 1291. Journal of Medieval History. 19, 3 (Jan. 1993), 201–227. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(93)90014-4.
[90]
Flori, J. 1999. Richard the Lionheart: king and knight. Edinburgh University Press.
[91]
Forey, A. 1994. Military orders and crusades. Variorum.
[92]
Forey, A. 1992. The military orders from the twelfth to the early fourteenth centuries. Macmillan.
[93]
France, J. 2002. Christianity, Violence and the Origins of Crusading: A propos of a Recent Study. Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire. 80, 2 (2002).
[94]
France, J. 1999. Crusading and Warfare in the Middle East. Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 1000-1300. UCL Press. 204–229.
[95]
France, J. 1999. Crusading and Warfare in the Middle East. Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 1000-1300. UCL Press. 204–229.
[96]
France, J. 2005. Crusading warfare. Palgrave Advances in the Crusades. H.J. Nicholson, ed. Palgrave Macmillan. 58–80.
[97]
France, J. 2000. Crusading warfare and its adaptation to eastern conditions in the twelfth century. Mediterranean Historical Review. 15, 2 (Dec. 2000), 49–66. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09518960008569778.
[98]
France, J. 2015. Hattin. Oxford University Press.
[99]
France, J. ed. 2016. Medieval warfare, 1000-1300. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
[100]
France, J. ed. 2016. Medieval warfare, 1000-1300. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
[101]
France, J. ed. 2016. Medieval warfare, 1000-1300. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
[102]
France, J. ed. 2016. Medieval warfare, 1000-1300. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
[103]
France, J. ed. 2016. Medieval warfare, 1000-1300. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
[104]
France, J. ed. 2016. Medieval warfare, 1000-1300. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
[105]
France, J. ed. 2016. Medieval warfare, 1000-1300. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
[106]
France, J. ed. 2016. Medieval warfare, 1000-1300. Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
[107]
France, J. ed. 2008. Mercenaries and paid men: the mercenary identity in the Middle Ages : proceedings of a conference held at University of Wales, Swansea, 7th-9th July 2005. Brill.
[108]
France, J. 2013. Patterns of War and Peace in the Latin East: Antioch, Edessa and Aleppo 1099-1127. Pilgrims and Pilgrimages as Peacemakers in Christianity, Judaism and Islam. A.M. Pazos, ed. 215–228.
[109]
France, J. 2013. Patterns of War and Peace in the Latin East: Antioch, Edessa and Aleppo 1099-1127. Pilgrims and Pilgrimages as Peacemakers in Christianity, Judaism and Islam. A.M. Pazos, ed. 215–228.
[110]
France, J. 2001. Recent Writing on Medieval Warfare: From the Fall of Rome to c. 1300. Journal of Military History. 65, (2001), 441–473.
[111]
France, J. 2008. Siege conventions in Western Europe and the Latin East. War and peace in ancient and medieval history. P. De Souza and J. France, eds. Cambridge University Press. 158–172.
[112]
France, J. 1996. The Destruction of Jerusalem and the First Crusade. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 47, 01 (Jan. 1996). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022046900018613.
[113]
France, J. 2001. The fall of Antioch during the First Crusade. Dei gesta per Francos: etudes sur les croisades dédiées à Jean Richard, crusade studies in honour of Jean Richard. B.Z. Kẹdar et al., eds. Ashgate. 13–20.
[114]
France, J. 1997. The First Crusade as a naval enterprise. The Mariner’s Mirror. 83, 4 (Jan. 1997), 389–397. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/00253359.1997.10656660.
[115]
France, J. 2006. Thinking about Crusader Strategy. Noble ideals and bloody realities: warfare in the Middle Ages. N. Christie and M. Yazigi, eds. Brill. 75–96.
[116]
France, J. 1994. Victory in the East: a military history of the First Crusade. Cambridge University Press.
[117]
France, J. 2011. Warfare in the Mediterranean region in the age of the crusades, 1095-1291: a clash of contrasts. The Crusades and the Near East. Routledge.
[118]
France, J. 2016. Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 1000-1300. Routledge.
[119]
France, J. 2016. Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 1000-1300. Routledge.
[120]
Frankopan, P. 2012. The First Crusade: the call from the East. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
[121]
Friedman, Y. 2001. Did Laws of War Exist in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem? De Sion exibit lex et verbum domini de Hierusalem: essays on medieval law, liturgy, and literature in honour of Amnon Linder. Brepols.
[122]
Friedman, Y. 2002. Encounter between enemies: captivity and ransom in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Brill.
[123]
Friedman, Y. 2011. Peacemaking: perceptions and practices in the medieval Latin East. The Crusades and the Near East. Routledge. 229–254.
[124]
Friedman, Y. 1996. The Ransom of Captives in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Autour de la première croisade: actes du Colloque de la Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East: Clermont-Ferrand, 22-25 juin 1995. M. Balard, ed. 177–189.
[125]
Fulcher of Chartres 1969. A history of the expedition to Jerusalem, 1095-1127. University of Tennessee Press.
[126]
Galterius 2018. Walter the Chancellors The Antiochene wars. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
[127]
Gaposchkin, M.C. 2008. The making of Saint Louis: kingship, sanctity, and crusade in the later Middle Ages. Cornell University Press.
[128]
Gaposchkin, M.C. and ProQuest (Firm) 2008. The making of Saint Louis: kingship, sanctity, and crusade in the later Middle Ages. Cornell University Press.
[129]
Georgiou, C. 2018. Preaching the Crusades to the eastern Mediterranean: propaganda, liturgy, and diplomacy, 1305-1352. Routledge.
[130]
Gibb, R. 1982. The armies of Saladin. Studies in the Civilization of Islam. S.J. Shaw and W.R. Polk, eds. 74–90.
[131]
Gibb, R. 1982. The armies of Saladin. Studies in the Civilization of Islam. S.J. Shaw and W.R. Polk, eds. 74–90.
[132]
Gilchrist, J. 1993. The Lord’s war as the proving ground of faith: Pope Innocent III and the propaganda of violence (1198-1216). Crusaders and Muslims in twelfth-century Syria. M. Shatzmiller, ed. Brill.
[133]
Gillingham, J. 2000. Conquering the barbarians: war and chivalry in twelfth-century Britain and Ireland. The English in the twelfth century: imperialism, national identity, and political values. Boydell Press. 41–58.
[134]
Gillingham, J. 2015. Crusading warfare, chivalry and the enslavement of women and children. The medieval way of war: studies in medieval military history in honor of Bernard S. Bachrach. G.I. Halfond, ed. Ashgate Publishing Limited. 133–152.
[135]
Gillingham, J. 2015. Crusading warfare, chivalry, and the enslavement of women and children. The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honour of Bernard S. Bachrach. G.I. Halfond, ed. Ashgate. 133–152.
[136]
Gillingham, J. 1994. Richard Coeur de Lion: kingship, chivalry and war in the twelfth century. Hambledon Press.
[137]
Gillingham, J. 1994. Richard Coeur de Lion: kingship, chivalry and war in the twelfth century. Hambledon Press.
[138]
Gillingham, J. 2005. Richard I and the science of war in the middle ages. Medieval warfare 1000-1300. J. France, ed. Ashgate. 299–312.
[139]
Grossmann, E. 2012. Naval Support to Crusader land battles at Arsuf in the Holy Land (1099 and 1191). Skyllis. 12, (2012), 173–141.
[140]
Hall, M. et al. 2013. Caffaro, Genoa and the twelfth-century crusades. Ashgate.
[141]
Hamilton, B. 2000. The leper king and his heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press.
[142]
Harari, Y. 1997. The military role of the Frankish Turcopoles: A reassessment. Mediterranean Historical Review. 12, 1 (Jun. 1997), 75–116. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09518969708569720.
[143]
Harari, Y.N. 2007. Special operations in the age of chivalry, 1100-1550. Boydell Press.
[144]
Hashmi, S.H. 2012. Just wars, holy wars, and jihads: Christian, Jewish, and Muslim encounters and exchanges. Oxford University Press.
[145]
Hay, D. 2006. Collateral Damage? Civilian Casualties in the early ideologies of chivalry and crusade. Noble ideals and bloody realities: warfare in the Middle Ages. N. Christie and M. Yazigi, eds. Brill. 3–26.
[146]
Hay, D.J. 2006. ‘Collateral Damage?’ Civilian Casualties in the Early Ideologies of Chivalry and Crusade. Noble ideals and bloody realities: warfare in the Middle Ages. N. Christie and M. Yazigi, eds. Brill. 3–26.
[147]
Hill, D.R. Trebuchets. Viator. 4, 99–115.
[148]
Hill, R. 1962. Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum: The deeds of the Franks and the other pilgrims to Jerusalem. Nelson.
[149]
Hillenbrand, C. 2010. Jihad poetry in the age of the crusades. Crusades: medieval worlds in conflict. Ashgate. 9–23.
[150]
Hillenbrand, C. 1999. The Crusades: Islamic perspectives. Edinburgh University Press.
[151]
Hoch, M. 1996. The Choice of Damascus as the Objective of the Second Crusade: A Re-Evaluation. Autour de la première croisade: actes du Colloque de la Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East: Clermont-Ferrand, 22-25 juin 1995. M. Balard, ed. 359–369.
[152]
Holt, P.M. 1995. Early Mamluk diplomacy (1260-1290): treaties of Baybars and Qalāwūn with Christian rulers. E.J. Brill.
[153]
Holt, P.M. and Ebooks Corporation Limited 1986. The age of the Crusades: the Near East from the eleventh century to 1517. Longman.
[154]
Hosler, J.D. 2018. The siege of Acre (1189-1191) in the historiographical tradition. History Compass. 16, 5 (2018). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12451.
[155]
Hosler, J.D. 2018. The siege of Acre, 1189-1191: Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the battle that decided the Third Crusade. Yale University Press.
[156]
Hosler, J.D. and Walter de Gruyter & Co 2018. The siege of Acre, 1189-1191: Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the battle that decided the Third Crusade. Yale University Press.
[157]
Howard, M. 1994. Constraints on warfare. The laws of war: constraints on warfare in the Western world. Yale University Press. 1–11.
[158]
Humphreys, R.S. 1977. From Saladin to the Mongols: the Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260. State University of New York Press.
[159]
Humphreys, R.S. 1977. From Saladin to the Mongols: the Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260. State University of New York Press.
[160]
Humphreys, S. 2004. Zengids, Ayyubids and Seljuqs. The new Cambridge medieval history. J.S.C. Riley-Smith and D. Luscombe, eds. Cambridge University Press. 721–752.
[161]
Ibn al-Athīr, ʻIzz al-Dīn and Richards, D.S. 2006. The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmil fīʼl-taʼrīkh. Ashgate.
[162]
Ibn al-Athīr, ʻIzz al-Dīn and Richards, D.S. 2006. The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmil fīʼl-taʼrīkh. Ashgate.
[163]
Ibn al-Furāt, M. ibnʻAbd al-Raḥīm 1971. Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders: selections from the Tār̄ıkh al-duwal wa’l-mulūk of Ibn al-Furāt. Heffer.
[164]
Ibn al-Furāt, M. ibnʻAbd al-Raḥīm 1971. Ayyubids, Mamlukes and Crusaders: selections from the Tār̄ıkh al-duwal wa’l-mulūk of Ibn al-Furāt. Heffer.
[165]
Ibn al-Qalānisī, A.Y.H. ibn A. and Gibb, H.A.R. 1932. The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades. Luzac.
[166]
Ibn al-Qalānisī, A.Y.H. ibn A. and Gibb, H.A.R. 1932. The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades. Luzac.
[167]
Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, A. ibn Y. and Lundquist, E.R. 1992. Saladin and the crusaders: selected annals from Masālik al-abṣar fī mamālik al-amṣār. Lund University Press.
[168]
Ibn Jubayr, M. ibn A. and Broadhurst, R.J.C. 2007. The travels of Ibn Jubayr: being the chronicle of a mediaeval Spanish Moor concerning his journey to the Egypt of Saladin, the holy cities of Arabia, Baghdad the city of the caliphs, the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, and the Norman kingdom of Sicily. Goodwood Books.
[169]
Ibn Shaddād, B. al-D.Y. ibn R. and Richards, D.S. 2016. The rare and excellent history of Saladin, or, al-Nawādir al-Sultaniyya wa’l-Mahasin al-Yusufiyya. Taylor & Francis Group.
[170]
Irwin, R. 2010. Mamlūks and Crusaders: men of the sword and men of the pen. Ashgate/Variorum.
[171]
Irwin, R. 1985. The Mamluk conquest of the County of Tripoli. Crusade and settlement: papers read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and presented to R.C. Smail. University College Cardiff Press.
[172]
Jackson, P. 2016. The Seventh Crusade, 1244-1254: sources and documents. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
[173]
Jacoby, D. 2019. Crusading and trading between West and East: studies in honour of David Jacoby. Routledge.
[174]
Jean Richard 1952. An Account of the Battle of Hattin Referring to the Frankish Mercenaries in Oriental Moslem States. Speculum. 27, 2 (1952), 168–177.
[175]
John  France Byzantium confronts its neighbours: Islam and the crusaders in the twelfth century. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 29, 1, 33–48.
[176]
John France 2009. A changing balance: cavalry and infantry, 1000-1300. Revista de Historia das Ideias. 30, (2009).
[177]
John France 2005. Close Order and Close Quarter: The Culture of Combat in the West. The International History Review. 27, 3 (2005).
[178]
John, S. and Morton, N.E. eds. 2014. Crusading and warfare in the Middle Ages: realities and representations. Ashgate Publishing Limited.
[179]
John William, N. 2005. The rate of march of crusading armies in Europe: A study and computation. Medieval warfare 1000-1300. J. France, ed. Ashgate. 569–584.
[180]
Joinville, J. et al. 2019. Chronicles of the crusades. Digireads.com Publishing.
[181]
Jordan, W.C. 1979. Louis IX and the challenge of the Crusade: a study in rulership. Princeton University Press.
[182]
Kaeuper, R.W. 1999. Chivalry and violence in medieval Europe. Oxford University Press.
[183]
Kaeuper, R.W. 2009. Holy warriors: the religious ideology of chivalry. University of Pennsylvania Press.
[184]
Kaeuper, R.W. 2016. Medieval chivalry. Cambridge University Press.
[185]
Kedar, B.Z. 1992. The Battle of Hattin Revisited. The Horns of Ḥaṭṭīn. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi.
[186]
Kedar, B.Z. 2004. The Jerusalem massacre of July 1099 in the Western historiography of the crusades. Crusades. 3, (2004), 15–75.
[187]
Kẹdar, B.Z. and Ḥevrah la-ḥaḳirat Erets-Yiśra’el ṿe-ʻatiḳoteha 1992. The Horns of Ḥaṭṭīn. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi.
[188]
Keen, M. 1996. Nobles, knights and men-at-arms in the Middle Ages. Bloomsbury Publishing.
[189]
Keen, M.H. 1999. Medieval warfare: a history. Oxford University Press.
[190]
Kennedy, H. 1994. Crusader castles. Cambridge University Press.
[191]
Kohler, M. et al. 2013. Alliances and treaties between Frankish and Muslim rulers in the Middle East: cross-cultural diplomacy in the period of the Crusades. Brill.
[192]
Kortüm, H.-H. 2006. Clash of Typologies. The Naming of Wars and the Invention of Typologies. Transcultural wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st century. H.-H. Kortüm, ed. Akademie. 11–26.
[193]
Kortüm, H.-H. ed. 2006. Transcultural wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st century. Akademie.
[194]
Kostick, C. 2009. The siege of Jerusalem: crusade and conquest in 1099. Continuum.
[195]
Kosto, A.J. 2012. Hostages in the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press.
[196]
Le Goff, J. 1996. Saint Louis. NRF/Gallimard.
[197]
Lev, Y. 2006. Infantry in Muslim armies during the Crusades. Logistics of warfare in the Age of the Crusades: proceedings of a workshop held at the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Sydney, 30 September to 4 October 2002. Ashgate. 185–208.
[198]
Lev, Y. 1997. Regime, army and society in Egypt, 9th-12th centuries. War and society in the eastern Mediterranean, 7th-15th centuries. E.J. Brill. 115–152.
[199]
Little, D.P. 1986. The Fall of ’Akka in 690/1291: The Muslim Version. Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon. M. Šārôn, ed. Brill. 159–183.
[200]
Lloyd, Simon WILLIAM LONGESPEE II: THE MAKING OF AN ENGLISH CRUSADING HERO (PART I). Nottingham Medieval Studies. 35.
[201]
Lloyd, SimonHunt, Tony WILLIAM LONGESPEE II: THE MAKING OF AN ENGLISH CRUSADING HERO (PART II). Nottingham Medieval Studies. 36, 74–86.
[202]
Loud, G.A. and Frederick 2010. The crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: the history of the expedition of the Emperor Frederick and related texts. Ashgate.
[203]
Lower, M. 2014. The Papacy and Christian Mercenaries of Thirteenth-Century North Africa. Speculum. 89, 03 (Jul. 2014), 601–631. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0038713414000761.
[204]
Lower, M. 2018. The Tunis Crusade of 1270: a Mediterranean history. Oxford University Press.
[205]
Lower, M. 2018. The Tunis Crusade of 1270: a Mediterranean history. Oxford University Press.
[206]
Maier, C.T. 2000. Crusade propaganda and ideology: model sermons for the preaching of the cross. Cambridge University Press.
[207]
Mallett, A. 2016. Popular Muslim reactions to the Franks in the Levant, 1097-1291. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
[208]
Marshall, C. 1992. Warfare in the Latin East, 1192-1291. Cambridge University Press.
[209]
Menache, S. 2018. Communicating the Middle Ages: essays in honour of Sophia Menache. Routledge.
[210]
Mitchell, P.D. 2004. Medicine in the Crusades: warfare, wounds and the medieval surgeon. Cambridge University Press.
[211]
Mitchell, P.D. 2006. The Torture of Military Captives in the Crusades to the Medieval Middle East. Noble ideals and bloody realities: warfare in the Middle Ages. N. Christie and M. Yazigi, eds. Brill. 97–118.
[212]
Mitchell, R. 2008. Light cavalry, heavy cavalry, horse archers, oh my! What abstract definitions don’t tell us about 1205 Adrianople. Journal of medieval military history. 6, (2008), 95–118.
[213]
Möhring, H. 2008. Saladin: the Sultan and his times, 1138-1193. Johns Hopkins University Press.
[214]
Möhring, H. 2006. The Christian Concept of the Muslim Enemy during the Crusades. Transcultural wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st century. H.-H. Kortüm, ed. Akademie. 185–193.
[215]
Molin, K. 2001. Unknown crusader castles. Hambledon and London.
[216]
Morgan, M.R. 1973. The ‘Chronicle of Ernoul’ and the continuations of William of Tyre. Oxford University Press.
[217]
Morillo, S. 2003. Battle seeking : the contexts and limits of Vegetian strategy. Journal of Medieval Military History. 1, (2003).
[218]
Morillo, S.R. 2008. Mercenaries, Mamluks and Militia: Towards a Cross-cultural Typology of Military Service. Mercenaries and paid men: the mercenary identity in the Middle Ages : proceedings of a conference held at University of Wales, Swansea, 7th-9th July 2005. J. France, ed. Brill. 243–260.
[219]
Morris, C. 1993. Martyrs of the field of battle before and during the First Crusade. Studies in Church History. 93–104.
[220]
Morton, N. 2014. The medieval military orders: 1120-1314. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
[221]
Morton, N. 2009. The Teutonic Knights in the Holy Land, 1190-1291. Boydell Press.
[222]
Mourad, S.A. 2013. The intensification and reorientation of Sunni jihad ideology in the Crusader period: Ibn ’Asakir of Damascus (1105-1176) and his age, with an edition and translation of Ibn ’Asakir’s The Forty hadiths for inciting jihad, Mourad: with an edition and translation of Ibn ’Asakir’s The Forty hadiths for inciting jihad. Brill.
[223]
Mourad, S.A. and Lindsay, J.E. Rescuing Syria from the infidels: the contribution of Ibn ’Asakir of Damascus to the Jihad campaign of Sultan Nur-ad-Din. Crusades. 6.
[224]
Naus, J.L. 2017. Constructing kingship: the Capetian monarchs of France and the early Crusades. Manchester University Press.
[225]
Neophytos et al. 2012. Chronicles and memorials of the reign of Richard I. TannerRitchie Publishing in collaboration with the Library and Information Services of the University of St Andrews.
[226]
Nicholson, H.J. 2004. Medieval warfare: theory and practice of war in Europe, 300-1500. Palgrave Macmillan.
[227]
Nicholson, H.J. and Barber, M. 1998. The military orders: Vol. 2: Welfare and warfare. Ashgate.
[228]
Nicolle, D. 2002. A companion to medieval arms and armour. Boydell Press.
[229]
Nicolle, D. 1999. Arms and armour of the crusading era, 1050-1350: Islam, Eastern Europe and Asia. Greenhill.
[230]
Nicolle, D. 2007. Crusader warfare: Vol. 1: Byzantium, Europe and the struggle for the Holy Land, 1050-1300 AD. Hambledon Continuum.
[231]
Nicolle, D. 1995. Medieval warfare source book: Vol.1: Warfare in western Christendom. Arms and Armour Press.
[232]
Nicolle, D. 1996. The medieval warfare source book: Vol. 2: Christendom and its neighbours. Arms & Armour.
[233]
Nicolle, D.C. 2005. Wounds, military surgery and the reality of crusading warfare: The evidence of Usamah’s memories. Medieval warfare 1000-1300. J. France, ed. Ashgate. 599–612.
[234]
Odo of Deuil 1948. De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem: The journey of Louis VII to the East. W.W. Norton.
[235]
Park, D.E.A. 2018. Papal protection and the crusader: Flanders, Champagne, and the kingdom of France, 1095-1222. The Boydell Press.
[236]
Parry, V.J. and Yapp, M. 1975. War, technology and society in the Middle East. Oxford University Press.
[237]
Paterson, L.M. 2018. Singing the crusades: French and Occitan lyric responses to the crusading movements, 1137-1336. D.S. Brewer.
[238]
Paul, N.L. 2014. In search of the Marshal’s lost crusade: the persistence of memory, the problems of history and the painful birth of crusading romance. Journal of Medieval History. 40, 3 (Jul. 2014), 292–310. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/03044181.2014.916082.
[239]
Peacock, A.C.S. 2015. The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press.
[240]
Perry, G.J.M. 2013. John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c.1175-1237. Cambridge University Press.
[241]
Peter Jackson 1980. The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260. The English Historical Review. 95, 376 (1980), 481–513.
[242]
Peters, E. 1998. The First Crusade: the chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and other source materials. University of Pennsylvania Press.
[243]
Peters, E. and Gavigan, J.J. 1971. Christian society and the Crusades, 1198-1229: sources in translation, including The capture of Damietta by Oliver of Paderborn. University of Pennsylvania Press.
[244]
Philippe de Novare 1936. The wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus. Columbia University Press.
[245]
Phillips, J. 1996. Defenders of the Holy Land: relations between the Latin East and the West, 1119-1187. Clarendon.
[246]
Phillips, J. 2007. The Second Crusade: extending the frontiers of Christendom. Yale University Press.
[247]
Phillips, J. and Hoch, M. 2001. The Second Crusade: scope and consequences. Manchester University Press.
[248]
Pierre Dubois 1956. The recovery of the Holy Land. Columbia University Press.
[249]
Powell, J.M. 1986. Anatomy of a crusade, 1213-1221. University of Pennsylvania Press.
[250]
Prawer, J. 1980. Military orders and crusader politics in the second half of the thirteenth century. Die Geistlichen Ritterorden Europas. J. Fleckenstein and M. Hellmann, eds. Thorbecke. 217–229.
[251]
Prawer, J. 1985. The Jerusalem the crusaders captured: A contribution to the medieval topography of the city. Crusade and settlement: papers read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and presented to R.C. Smail. University College Cardiff Press. 1–16.
[252]
Pringle, D. 2013. Castles and frontiers in the Latin East. Norman expansion: connections, continuities and contrasts. K.J. Stringer and A. Jotischky, eds. Ashgate Publishing Limited. 227–239.
[253]
Pringle, D. 2005. Crusader castles: The first generation. Medieval warfare 1000-1300. J. France, ed. Ashgate. 471–486.
[254]
Pringle, D. 2000. Fortification and settlement in crusader Palestine. Variorum.
[255]
Pringle, D. 1984. King Richard I and the Walls of Ascalon. Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 116, 2 (Jul. 1984), 133–147. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1179/peq.1984.116.2.133.
[256]
Pringle, D. 1984. King Richard I and the Walls of Ascalon. Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 116, 2 (Jul. 1984), 133–147. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1179/peq.1984.116.2.133.
[257]
Pringle, D. 1986. The red tower (al-Burj al-Ahmar): settlement in the Plain of Sharon at the time of the Crusaders and Mamluks, A.D. 1099-1516. British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem.
[258]
Pringle, D. 2007. The Templars in Acre c. 1150–1291. Bulletin of the Council for British Research in the Levant. 2, 1 (2007), 29–34. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1179/cbrl.2007.2.1.29.
[259]
Pryor, J. 2008. A view from a masthead: the First Crusade from the sea. Crusades. 7, (2008), 87–152.
[260]
Pryor, J.H. 1987. Commerce, shipping and naval warfare in the medieval Mediterranean. Variorum.
[261]
Pryor, J.H. 1988. Geography, technology and war: studies in the maritime history of the Mediterranean, 649-1571. Cambridge University Press.
[262]
Pryor, J.H. ed. 2016. Logistics of warfare in the age of the Crusades: proceedings of a workshop held at the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Sydney, 30 September to 4 October 2002. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
[263]
Pryor, J.H. ed. 2016. Logistics of warfare in the age of the Crusades: proceedings of a workshop held at the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Sydney, 30 September to 4 October 2002. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
[264]
Pryor, J.H. 2005. Transportation of horses by sea during the era of the crusades: Eight century to 1285 A.D. Medieval warfare 1000-1300. J. France, ed. Ashgate. 534–568.
[265]
Pryor, J.H. 2010. Two excitationes for the Third Crusade: the letters of brother Thierry of the Temple. Mediterranean Historical Review. 25, 2 (Dec. 2010), 147–168. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/09518967.2010.536676.
[266]
Pryor, J.H. 2001. ‘Water, water everywhere, Nor any drop to drink’. Water supplies for the fleets of the First Crusade. Dei gesta per Francos: etudes sur les croisades dédiées à Jean Richard, crusade studies in honour of Jean Richard. M. Balard et al., eds. Ashgate. 21–28.
[267]
Rabie, H. 1975. The training of the Mamluk Faris. War, technology and society in the Middle East. Oxford University Press. 153–163.
[268]
Raoul et al. 2005. The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen: a history of the Normans on the First Crusade. Ashgate.
[269]
Raphael, K. 2013. Climate and political climate: environmental disasters in the Medieval Levant. Brill.
[270]
Raphael, K. 2014. Muslim fortresses in the Levant: between crusaders and Mongols. Kate Raphael. Routledge.
[271]
Raymond of Aguilers 1968. Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem. American Philosophical Society.
[272]
Reuven, A. 1988. Mamluk Espionage among Mongols and Franks. The medieval Levant: studies in memory of Eliyahu Ashtor (1914-1984). Gustav Heinemann Institute of Middle Eastern Studies, University of Haifa. 73–81.
[273]
Ricardus 2019. Chronicle of the third crusade: a translation of the Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta Regis Ricardi. Routledge.
[274]
RICHARD A. LESON 2011. CHIVALRY AND ALTERITY: SALADIN AND THE REMEMBRANCE OF CRUSADE IN A WALTERS ‘HISTOIRE D’OUTREMER’. The Journal of the Walters Art Museum. 68, (2011), 87–96.
[275]
Richard, J. 2005. An account of the battle of Hattin referring to the Frankish mercenaries in Oriental Moslem states. Medieval warfare 1000-1300. J. France, ed. Ashgate. 53–62.
[276]
Richard, J. and Lloyd, S.D. 1992. Saint Louis: Crusader King of France. Cambridge University Press.
[277]
Riley-Smith, J. Casualties and the number of knights on the First Crusade. Crusades. 1, 13–28.
[278]
Riley-Smith, J. 1984. Death on the First Crusade. The end of strife: papers selected from the proceedings of the Colloquium of the Commission Internationale d’Histoire Ecclésiastique Comparée held at the University of Durham, 2 to 9 September 1981. D.M. Loades, ed. T. & T. Clark. 14–31.
[279]
Riley-Smith, J. 1984. Death on the First Crusade. The end of strife: papers selected from the proceedings of the Colloquium of the Commission Internationale d’Histoire Ecclésiastique Comparée held at the University of Durham, 2 to 9 September 1981. D.M. Loades, ed. T. & T. Clark. 14–31.
[280]
Riley-Smith, J. 2010. Templars and Hospitallers as professed religious in the Holy Land. University of Notre Dame Press.
[281]
Riley-Smith, J. 2012. The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c.1070-1309. Palgrave Macmillan.
[282]
Riley-Smith, J. 1969. The Templars and the Castle of Tortosa in Syria: An Unknown Document concerning the Acquisition of the Fortress. The English Historical Review. 84, 331 (1969), 278–288.
[283]
Riley-Smith, J.S.C. 1986. The First Crusade and the idea of crusading. University of Pennsylvania Press.
[284]
Riley-Smith, J.S.C. 1997. The first crusaders, 1095-1131. Cambridge University Press.
[285]
Riley-Smith, J.S.C. 2012. The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c.1070-1309. Palgrave Macmillan.
[286]
Riley-Smith, J.S.C. 1967. The Knights of St. John in Jerusalem and Cyprus,c.1050-1310. Macmillan.
[287]
Riley-Smith, J.S.C. 1999. The Oxford history of the Crusades. Oxford University Press.
[288]
Robert and Sweetenham, C. 2016. Robert the Monk’s History of the First Crusade =: Historia Iherosolimitana. Routledge.
[289]
Roche, J.T. 2015. The Second Crusade, 1145-49: Damascus, Lisbon and the Wendish Campaigns. History Compass. 13, 11 (Nov. 2015), 599–609. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12286.
[290]
Roche, J.T. and Jensen, J.M. eds. 2015. The second crusade: holy war on the periphery of Latin Christendom. Brepols.
[291]
Rogers, C.J. and Caferro, W. 2010. The Oxford encyclopedia of medieval warfare and military technology. Oxford University Press.
[292]
Rose, S. 2002. Medieval naval warfare, 1000-1500. Routledge.
[293]
Rubenstein, J. 2011. Armies of heaven: the first crusade and the quest for apocalypse. Basic Books.
[294]
Rubenstein, J. 2008. Cannibals and Crusaders. French Historical Studies. 31, 4 (Oct. 2008), 525–552. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-2008-005.
[295]
Rubenstein, J. 2011. Poetry and History: Baudry of Bourgueil, the Architecture of Chivalry, and the First Crusade. The Haskins Society journal. 23, (2011), 87–102.
[296]
Russell, F.H. 1987. Love and Hate In Medieval Warfare: The Contribution of Saint Augustine. Nottingham Medieval Studies. 31, (1987).
[297]
Savvides, A.G.C. 1993. Late Byzantine and western historiographers on Turkish mercenaries in Greek and Latin armies: the Turcoples/Tourkopouloi. The Making of Byzantine History: Studies Dedicated to Donald M. Nicol. R. Beaton and C. Roueché, eds. Ashgate. 122–136.
[298]
Scanlon, G. 1961. A Muslim Manual of War.
[299]
Schenk, J. and Carr, M. eds. 2017. The military orders. Routledge.
[300]
Schenk, J. and Carr, M. eds. 2017. The military orders: Volume 6.1: Culture and conflict in the Mediterranean world. Routledge.
[301]
Shirley, J. 2016. Crusader Syria in the thirteenth century: the Rothelin continuation of the History of William of Tyre with part of the Eracles or Acre text. Routledge.
[302]
Sivan, E. 1967. Réfugiés Syro-Palestiniens au temps des Croisades. Revue des Etudes Islamiques. 35, (1967), 134–147.
[303]
Smail, R.C. 1995. Crusading warfare, 1097-1193. Cambridge University Press.
[304]
SMITH, C. 2003. Martyrdom and Crusading in the Thirteenth Century: Remembering the Dead of Louis IX’s Crusades. Al-Masaq. 15, 2 (Sep. 2003), 189–196. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/0950311032000117485.
[305]
Stacey, R.C. 1994. The age of chivalry. The laws of war: constraints on warfare in the Western world. Yale University Press. 27–39.
[306]
Sterling, D. 2005. Crusader siege in the Nile delta. Military History. 22, 5 (2005).
[307]
Sterling, D. 2005. Crusader siege in the Nile delta. Military History. 22, 5 (2005).
[308]
Strickland, M. 2006. Rules of War or War without Rules? Some Reflections on Conduct and the Treatment of Non-Combatants in Medieval Transcultural Wars. Transcultural wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st century. H.-H. Kortüm, ed. Akademie. 107–140.
[309]
Strickland, M. 2006. Rules of War or War without Rules? Some Reflections on Conduct and the Treatment of Non-Combatants in Medieval Transcultural Wars. Transcultural wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st century. H.-H. Kortüm, ed. Akademie. 107–140.
[310]
Sumberg, A.M. 1959. The ‘Tafurs’ and the First Crusade. Mediaeval Studies. 21, (1959).
[311]
Tantum, G. 1979. Muslim warfare. A study of a medieval Muslim treatise on the art of war. Islamic Arms and Armour. R. Elgood, ed. 187–201.
[312]
Thorau, P. 1985. The battle of ’Ayn Jalut: a re-examination. Crusade and settlement: papers read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and presented to R.C. Smail. R.C. Smail and P.W. Edbury, eds. University College Cardiff Press.
[313]
Thorau, P. 1985. The battle of ’Ayn Jalut: a re-examination. Crusade and settlement: papers read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and presented to R.C. Smail. R.C. Smail and P.W. Edbury, eds. University College Cardiff Press.
[314]
Tibble, S. 2018. The Crusader armies: 1099-1187. Yale University Press.
[315]
Tibble, S. 2018. The Crusader armies: 1099-1187. Yale University Press.
[316]
Todd, J.M. and Eddé Anne-Marie 2011. Saladin. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
[317]
Tolan, J. 1996. Mirror of Chivalry: Salah Al-Din in the Medieval European Imagination. Images of the Other: Europe and the Muslim World before 1700. 7–38.
[318]
Tyerman, C. 2012. Chronicles of the First Crusade, 1096-1099. Penguin.
[319]
Tyerman, C. 2009. Court, Crusade and City: The Cultural Milieu of Louis I Duke of Bourbon. Soldiers, nobles and gentleman: essays in honour of Maurice Keen. P.R. Coss et al., eds. Boydell & Brewer.
[320]
Tyerman, C. 2015. How to plan a crusade: reason and religious war in the High Middle Ages. Allen Lane.
[321]
Urban, W.L. 2003. The Teutonic Knights: a military history. Greenhill Books.
[322]
Van Steenbergen 31AD. Mamluk Empire. Edinburgh University Press.
[323]
Vander Elst, S.E.K. 2017. The knight, the cross, and the song: Crusade propaganda and chivalric literature, 1100-1400. (PENN) University of Pennsylvania Press.
[324]
Vegetius Renatus, F. and Milner, N.P. 1993. Vegetius: epitome of military science. Liverpool University Press.
[325]
Verbruggen, J.F. 1997. The art of warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages: from the eighth century to 1340. Boydell Press.
[326]
Walter J. Karcheski Jr. et al. The Medieval Armour From Rhodes. Royal Armouries.
[327]
William 2016. The conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: sources in translation. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
[328]
William J., H. 1992. Saladin and Muslim Military Theory. The Horns of Hattin.
[329]
William of Tyre 1943. A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea. Columbia University Press.