Bibliography for Mongols and the West 2.0 BETA

1

Jackson P. The Mongols and the west, 1221-1410. Harlow, England: : Pearson Longman 2005.

2

Morgan D. The Mongols. 2nd ed. Malden, Mass: : Blackwell Publishing 2007.

3

Jackson P. The Mongols and Europe. In: Abulafia D, ed. The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5: c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1999. 703–19.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521362894

4

Sinor D. The Mongols in the West. Journal of Asian History 1999;33:1–44.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41933117

5

Sinor D. The Mongols and Western Europe. In: Setton KM, ed. A history of the Crusades, vol. III. Madison: : University of Wisconsin Press 1975. 513–44.

6

Kẹdar BZ, Wiesner ME, editors. The Cambridge world history: Volume 5: Expanding webs of exchange and conflict, 500CE-1500CE. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2015.

7

Di Cosmo N, Frank AJ, Golden PB, editors. The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2009. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139056045

8

Ho C. Thirteenth and Fourteenth Century European-Mongol Relations. History Compass 2012;10:946–68. doi:10.1111/hic3.12018

9

Abu-Lughod JL. Before European hegemony: the world system A.D. 1250-1350. New York: : Oxford University Press 1989.

10

Linehan P, Nelson JL, Dawson Books. The medieval world. London: : Routledge 2001. https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315016207

11

Biran M. The Mongol Empire in World History: The State of the Field. History Compass 2013;11:1021–33. doi:10.1111/hic3.12095

12

Ruotsala A. Europeans and Mongols in the middle of the thirteenth century: encountering the other. [Helsinki]: : The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters 2001.

13

Medieval Academy of America. Mission to Asia. Toronto: : Published by University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America 2008.

14

Rossabi M. The Mongols and global history: a Norton documents reader. 1st ed. New York: : W.W. Norton 2011.

15

Yule H, Cordier H. Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China. New ed. London: : Printed for the Hakluyt society 1913.

16

Paris M, Giles JA. Matthew Paris’s English history: from the year 1235 to 1273. London: : Bohn 1852. https://archive.org/details/matthewparissen01rishgoog

17

Thomas of Spalato. Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum - History of the Bishops of Salona and Split. Budapest: : Central European University Press 2006. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/reader.action?docID=3137225&ppg=1

18

Polo M. The travels of Marco Polo. London: : Penguin Books 1958.

19

Rogerius. Gesta Hungarorum. English ed. Budapest: : Central European University Press 2010. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3137319

20

Yule H, Odorico. The travels of Friar Odoric. Grand Rapids, Mich: : W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co 2002.

21

Fischel WJ. A New Latin Source on Tamerlane’s Conquest of Damascus (1400/1401): (B. de Mignanelli’s ‘Vita Tamerlani’ 1416). Oriens 1956;9:201–32.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1579274

22

Boyle JA. Rashid al-Din: the First World Historian. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 1969;17.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1301939363?accountid=14540

23

Gregory G. Guzman. The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin. Speculum 1974;49:287–307.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2856045

24

Kamila S. History and legend in the Jāmi` al-tawārikh: Abraham, Alexander, and Oghuz Khan. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2015;25:555–77. doi:10.1017/S1356186315000218

25

Müller WK. Yü Da-Djün: On the Dating of the Secret History of the Mongols. Monumenta Serica 1986;37:277–303. doi:10.1080/02549948.1986.11731193

26

de Rachewiltz I. Some Remarks on the Dating of the Secret History of the Mongols. Monumenta Serica 1965;24:185–206. doi:10.1080/02549948.1965.11744939

27

Bartlett R. The making of Europe: conquest, colonization and cultural change 950-1350. London: : Penguin Books 1994.

28

Bentley JH. Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History. The American Historical Review 1996;101:749–70.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2169422

29

Bentley JH, American Council of Learned Societies. Old World encounters: cross-cultural contacts and exchanges in pre-modern times. New York: : Oxford University Press 1993. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.30958

30

Edson E, Savage-Smith E. Medieval views of the Cosmos. Oxford: : Bodleian Library 2004.

31

Muldoon J. Popes, lawyers, and infidels: the Church and the non-Christian world, 1250-1550. Pennsylvania: : University of Pennsylvania Press 1979.

32

Abu-Lughod JL. Before European hegemony: the world system A.D. 1250-1350. New York: : Oxford University Press 1989.

33

Linehan P, Nelson JL, Dawson Books. The medieval world. London: : Routledge 2001. https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315016207

34

Phillips JRS, Oxford University Press. The medieval expansion of Europe. 2nd ed. Oxford: : Clarendon 1998. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.001.0001

35

Walter de Gruyter & Co. Handbook of medieval culture: fundamental aspects and conditions of the European Middle Ages, Volume 1. Berlin: : De Gruyter 2015. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/179332

36

Koss N. The best and fairest land: images of China in medieval Europe. Taipei: : Bookman Books 1999.

37

Rachewiltz I de. Some remarks on the ideological foundations of Chingis Khan’s empire. Papers on Far Eastern History 1973;7:21–36.https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/rachewiltz/Rachewiltz_Some%20Remarks%20on%20the%20Ideological%20Foundations%201973.pdf

38

Aigle D. The Mongol Empire between myth and reality: studies in anthropological history. Leiden: : Brill 2015.

39

Allsen TT. Population Movements in Mongol Eurasia. In: Amitai R, Biran M, eds. Nomads as agents of cultural change: the Mongols and their Eurasian predecessors. Honolulu: : University of Hawaiʻi Press 2015. 119–51.http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3413788

40

Allsen TT. Ever Closer Encounters: the Appropriation of Culture and the Apportionment of Peoples in the Mongol Empire. Journal of Early Modern History 1997;1:2–23. doi:10.1163/157006597X00208

41

Allsen TT. Guard and Government in the Reign of The Grand Qan Möngke, 1251-59. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1986;46:495–521.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719141

42

Power A. Encounters in the Ruins: Latin Captives, Franciscan Friars and the Dangers of Religious Plurality in the early Mongol Empire. In: Methuen C, Spicer A, Wolffe J, eds. Christianity and religious plurality. Woodbridge: : Published for The Ecclesiastical Society by The Boydell Press 2015.

43

Allsen TT. Mongol imperialism: the policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic lands, 1251-1259. Berkeley: : University of California Press 1987.

44

Jackson P. From Ulus to Khanate: the making of the Mongol states, c.1220-c.1290. In: Amitai-Preiss R, Morgan D, eds. The Mongol empire and its legacy. Leiden: : Brill 1999. 12–38.

45

Watson AJ. Mongol inhospitality, or how to do more with less? Gift giving in William of Rubruck’s. Journal of Medieval History 2011;37:90–101. doi:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2010.12.006

46

Marshall R. Storm from the East: from Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan. London: : BBC 1993.

47

Allsen TT. Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge, UK: : Cambridge University Press 2001.

48

Morgan D. The Decline and Fall of the Mongol Empire. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2009;19. doi:10.1017/S1356186309990046

49

Komaroff L, editor. Beyond the legacy of Genghis Khan. Leiden: : Brill 2013.

50

Subrahmanyam S. Mughals and Franks. New Delhi: : Oxford University Press 2011.

51

Amitai-Preiss R, Morgan DO, editors. The Mongol Empire and its Legacy. Leiden: : Brill 1999.

52

Allsen TT. Ever Closer Encounters: the Appropriation of Culture and the Apportionment of Peoples in the Mongol Empire. Journal of Early Modern History 1997;1:2–23. doi:10.1163/157006597X00208

53

Baumer C. The history of Central Asia: Volume three: The Age of Islam and the Mongols. London: : I.B. Tauris 2016.

54

Amitai-Preiss R. Mongol imperial ideology and the Ilkhanid war against the Mamluks. In: Amitai-Preiss R, Morgan DO, eds. The Mongol empire and its legacy. Leiden: : Brill 1999.

55

Rachewiltz I de. Some remarks on the ideological foundations of Chingis Khan’s empire. Papers on Far Eastern History 1973;7:21–36.https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/rachewiltz/Rachewiltz_Some%20Remarks%20on%20the%20Ideological%20Foundations%201973.pdf

56

Golden PB. Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Cinggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia. Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs 2003;Variorum collected studies series.

57

Ratchnevsky P. Genghis Khan, his life and legacy. Oxford: : Blackwell 1991.

58

Rossabi M. Khubilai Khan: his life and times. Berkeley: : University of California Press 1987.

59

Sela R. The Legendary Biographies of Tamerlane: Islam and Heroic Apocrypha in Central Asia. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2011. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977343

60

Kortüm H-H, editor. Transcultural wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st century. Berlin: : Akademie 2006. http://GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1348821

61

May T. The Mongol Art of War and the Tsunami Strategy. Golden Horde Civilisation 2015;8:31–8.https://www.academia.edu/16167427/The_Mongol_Art_of_War_and_the_Tsunami_Strategy

62

May T. The Chinggis Exchange: the Mongol Empire and Global Impact on Warfare. World History Connected;12.http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/12.1/forum_may.html

63

Krämer F, Schmidt K, Singer J, editors. Historicizing the ‘Beyond’: the Mongolian invasion as a new dimension of violence? Heidelberg: : Universitätsverlag Winter 2011.

64

Smith Jr. JM. Demographic Considerations in Mongol Siege Warfare. Archivum Ottomanicum 1993;13:329–34.

65

Smith, Jr. JM. Ayn Jālūt: Mamlūk Sucess or Mongol Failure? Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1984;44:307–45.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719035

66

Raphael K. Mongol Siege Warfare on the Banks of the Euphrates and the Question of Gunpowder (1260-1312). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2009;19:355–70.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27756073

67

May T. The Training of an Inner Asian Nomad Army in the Pre-Modern Period. The Journal of Military History 2006;70:617–35. doi:10.1353/jmh.2006.0179

68

Haining T. The Mongols and religion. Asian Affairs 1986;17:19–32. doi:10.1080/03068378608730208

69

Jackson P. The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered. In: Amital R, Biran M, eds. Mongols, Turks, And Others. Brill Academic Publishers 2004. 245–90.

70

Ryan JD. Preaching Christianity Along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar ‘Middle Kingdom’ in the Fourteenth Century. Journal of Early Modern History 1998;2:350–73. doi:10.1163/157006598X00027

71

Power A. Encounters in the Ruins: Latin Captives, Franciscan Friars and the Dangers of Religious Plurality in the early Mongol Empire. In: Methuen C, Spicer A, Wolffe J, eds. Christianity and religious plurality. Woodbridge: : Published for The Ecclesiastical Society by The Boydell Press 2015.

72

Hamilton B. Western Christian Contacts with Buddhism. In: Methuen C, Spicer A, Wolffe J, eds. Christianity and religious plurality. Woodbridge: : Published for The Ecclesiastical Society by The Boydell Press 2015.

73

DeWeese DA. Islamization and native religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and conversion to Islam in historical and epic tradition. University Park, Pa: : Pennsylvania State University Press 1994.

74

Jackson P. The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered. In: Amital R, Biran M, eds. Mongols, Turks, And Others. Brill Academic Publishers 2004. 245–90.

75

Foster J. Crosses from the Walls of Zaitun. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 1954;86:1–25. doi:10.1017/S0035869X0010629X

76

Gardner I, Lieu SNC, Parry K. From Palmyra to Zayton: epigraphy and iconography. Turnhout: : Brepols 2005.

77

Parry K. Angels and Apsaras: Christian Tombstones from Quanzhou. TAASA Review [The Journal of the Asian Arts Society of Australia] 2003;12:4–5.https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=ea40801b-dd40-e911-80cd-005056af4099

78

Tang L. Mongol Responses to Christianity in China: A Yuan Dynasty Phenomenon. Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series 2006;63:3–24.http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps06_063.pdf

79

Aigle D. The Letters of Eljigidei, Hülegü, and Abaqa: Mongol Overtures or Christian Ventriloquism? Inner Asia 2005;7:143–62.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23615692

80

Meyvaert P. An Unknown Letter of Hulagu, Il-Khan of Persia, to King Louis IX of France. Viator 1980;11:245–60. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301508

81

Voegelin E. The Mongol orders of submission to European powers, 1245–1255. Byzantion 1941;15:378–413.

82

L. Lockhart. The Relations between Edward I and Edward II of England and the Mongol Īl-Khāns of Persia. Iran 1968;6:23–31.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299598

83

Amitai R. Edward of England and Abagha Ilkhan. A Reexamination of a failed attempt at Mongol- Frankish cooperation. In: Gervers M, Powell JM, eds. Tolerance and intolerance: social conflict in the age of the Crusades. Syracuse, N.Y.: : Syracuse University Press 2001. 75–82.

84

Jacques Paviot. England and the Mongols (c. 1260-1330). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2000;10:305–18.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188032

85

Ryan JD. Missionary saints of the high middle ages: martyrdom, popular veneration, and canonization. The Catholic Historical Review 2004;90.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA117040866&v=2.1&u=glasuni&it=r&p=EAIM&sw=w&asid=6789ee52dcb3dec72a5bdc9e58d538eb

86

Rossabi M. Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the first journey from China to the West. 1st ed. Tokyo: : Kodansha International 1992.

87

Markham C, editor. Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour at Samarcand, A.D. 1403-6. London: : Hakluyt Society https://archive.org/stream/narrativeembass00markgoog#page/n14/mode/2up

88

Budge EAW, editor. The monks of Ḳûblâi Khân, emperor of China or, The history of the life and travels of Rabban Ṣâwmâ, envoy and plentipotentiary of the Mongol khâns to the kings of Europe, and Marḳôs who as Mâr Yahbh-Allâhâ III became patriarch of the Nestorian church in Asia. London: : Religious Tract Society 1928. https://pages.uoregon.edu/sshoemak/324/texts/monks_of_kubla_khan.htm

89

Roest B. Medieval Franciscan Mission: History and Concept. In: Bekkum W van, Cobb PM, eds. Strategies of medieval communal identity. Leuven: : Peeters 2003. 137–62.

90

Mason R. The Mongol Mission and Kyivan Rus. Ukrainian Quarterly 1993;49:385–402.

91

Phillips JRS. The eastern missions. In: The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford University Press 1998. 78–95.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.001.0001/acprof-9780198207405-chapter-5

92

Mary Dienes. Eastern Missions of the Hungarian Dominicans in the First Half of the Thirteenth Century. Isis 1937;27:225–41.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/225412

93

De Rachewiltz I. Papal envoys to the great Khans. London: : Faber and Faber Ltd 1971.

94

Ryan J. Nicholas IV and the evolution of the eastern missionary effort. Archivum historiae pontificiae 1981;19:79–95.https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jUEYeZfWXsYC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=%22Nicholas+IV+and+the+evolution+of+the+eastern+missionary+effort%22&source=bl&ots=rJNMjpsJei&sig=EGUW8tpK23lkPfvW2aPSA65n8sk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU9pvQgYfLAhVBaRQKHT3xBS0Q6AEIODAH#v=onepage&q=%22Nicholas%20IV%20and%20the%20evolution%20of%20the%20eastern%20missionary%20effort%22&f=false

95

Jackson P. Early missions to the Mongols: Carpini and his contemporaries. Annual report 1994;:14–32.

96

Guzman GG. Simon of Saint-Quentin and the Dominican Mission to the Mongol Baiju: A Reappraisal. Speculum 1971;46. doi:10.2307/2854853

97

Dawson C. The Mongol mission: narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. London: : Sheed & Ward 1955.

98

Guzman GG. European clerical envoys to the Mongols: Reports of Western merchants in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 1231–1255. Journal of Medieval History 1996;22:53–67. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(96)00008-5

99

Ryan J. To Baptize Khans or to Convert Peoples? Missionary Aims in Central Asia in the Fourteenth Century. In: Armstrong G, Wood IN, eds. Christianizing peoples and converting individuals: [Selected proceedings of the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, 1997]. Turnhout: : Brepols 2000. 247–57.

100

Ruotsala A. Europeans and Mongols in the middle of the thirteenth century: encountering the other. [Helsinki]: : The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters 2001.

101

Guzman GG. Christian Europe and Mongol Asia: First Medieval Intercultural Contact Between East and West. Essays in Medieval Studies 1985;2:227–44.http://www.illinoismedieval.org/ems/EMSpdf/V2/V2Guzman.pdf

102

Ryan JD. Preaching Christianity Along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar ‘Middle Kingdom’ in the Fourteenth Century. Journal of Early Modern History 1998;2:350–73. doi:10.1163/157006598X00027

103

Jackson P. William of Rubruck in the Mongol Empire: perception and prejudices. In: Martels Z von, ed. Travel fact and travel fiction: studies on fiction, literary tradition, scholarly discovery, and observation in travel writing. Leiden: : E.J. Brill 1994. 54–71.

104

Sinor D. John of Plano Carpini’s Return from the Mongols. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 1957;89:193–206. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00115837

105

Cultural Brokers between Religions. Border-Crossers and Experts at Mediterranean Courts. Cultural brokers at Mediterranean courts in the Middle Ages. München: : Wilhelm Fink 2013.

106

Allen R, editor. Eastward bound: travel and travellers, 1050-1550. Manchester: : Manchester University Press 2004.

107

Ryan JD. European Travelers before Columbus: The Fourteenth Century’s Discovery of India. The Catholic Historical Review 1993;79:648–70.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25024143

108

Allsen TT. Mongolian Princes and Their Merchant Partners, 1200-1260. Asia Major 1989;2:83–126.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41645437

109

Biran M. The Mongol Empire and inter-civilizational exchange. In: Kedar BZ, Wiesner-Hanks M, eds. The Cambridge World History. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2015. 534–58. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511667480.021

110

Campbell MB. The Utter East: Merchant and Missionary Travels during the ‘Mongol Peace’. In: The Witness and the Other World: Exotic European Travel Writing, 400-1600. Ithaca: : Cornell University Press 1988. 87–121.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03193

111

Lopez RS. China Silk in Europe in the Yuan Period. Journal of the American Oriental Society 1952;72:72–6.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/595832

112

Previato T. Pre-modern Globalization and Islamic Networks under Mongol Rule: Some Preliminary Considerations on the Spreading of Sufi Knowledge in Gansu-Qinghai. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 2016;36:235–66. doi:10.1080/13602004.2016.1186427

113

Jacoby D. Marino Sanudo Torsello on Trade Routes, Commodities, and Taxation. In: Travellers, merchants and settlers in the eastern Mediterranean, 11th-14th centuries. Farnham: : Ashgate Variorum 2014. 184–97.

114

Ryan JD. Preaching Christianity Along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar ‘Middle Kingdom’ in the Fourteenth Century. Journal of Early Modern History 1998;2:350–73. doi:10.1163/157006598X00027

115

Kupfer M. The Lost Wheel Map of Ambrogio Lorenzetti. The Art Bulletin 1996;78:286–310.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3046176

116

Kinoshita S. The Painter, the Warrior, and the Sultan: The World of Marco Polo in Three Portraits. The Medieval Globe 2016;2:101–28.https://www.academia.edu/22516484/The_Medieval_Globe_The_Painter_the_Warrior_and_the_Sultan_The_World_of_Marco_Polo_in_Three_Portraits

117

Espada AG. Marco Polo, Odorico of Pordenone, the Crusades, and the Role of the Vernacular in the First Descriptions of the Indies. Viator 2009;40:201–22. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.1.100351

118

Carswell J. More About The Mongols: Chinese Porcelain From Asia To Europe. Asian Affairs 2005;36:158–68. doi:10.1080/03068370500039029

119

Hourihane C. Interactions: artistic interchange between the Eastern and Western worlds in the Medieval period. Princeton: : Index of Christian Art, Department of Art & Archæology, Princeton University 2007.

120

Kuroda A. The Eurasian silver century, 1276–1359: commensurability and multiplicity. Journal of Global History 2009;4. doi:10.1017/S1740022809003143

121

Lopez RS. European Merchants in Mediaeval India. The Journal of Economic History 1943;3:164–84.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2113495

122

Phillips JRS. European merchants and the East. In: The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford University Press 1998. 96–114.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.001.0001/acprof-9780198207405-chapter-6

123

Di Cosmo N. Black Sea Emporia and the Mongol Empire: A Reassessment of the Pax Mongolica. Journal of the Economic & Social History of the Orient 2010;53:83–108.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=45694064&site=ehost-live

124

Prazniak R. Siena on the Silk Roads: Ambrogio Lorenzetti and the Mongol Global Century, 1250–1350. Journal of World History 2010;21:177–217. doi:10.1353/jwh.0.0123

125

Morton AH. Ghurid Gold en route to England? Iran 1978;16:167–70.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299657

126

Jean Richard. European Voyages in the Indian Ocean and Caspian Sea (12th-15th Centuries). Iran 1968;6:45–52.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299600

127

Franke H. Sino-Western Contacts Under the Mongol Empire. In: China under Mongol rule. Aldershot: : Variorum 1994. 49–72.http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/ba238c350f88e040d5c64d8cb722f1d0.pdf

128

Allsen TT. Commodity and exchange in the Mongol empire: a cultural history of Islamic textiles. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1997.

129

Grierson P. Muslim coins in thirteenth-century England. In: Kouymijan DJ, ed. Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy and History. Studies in Honour of George C. Miles. Beirut: 1974. 387–91.

130

Jacoby D. Marco Polo, His Close Relatives, and His Travel Account: Some New Insights. Mediterranean Historical Review 2006;21:193–218. doi:10.1080/09518960601030134

131

Peter Jackson. Marco Polo and His ‘Travels’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1998;61:82–101.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3107293

132

Larner J. Marco Polo and the discovery of the world. New Haven: : Yale University Press 1999.

133

Wolfe AC. Marco Polo: Factotum, Auditor. Language and Political Culture in the Mongol World Empire. Literature Compass 2014;11:409–22. doi:10.1111/lic3.12152

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Polo M. The travels of Marco Polo. London: : Penguin Books 1958.

135

Francis Balducci Pegolotti. Notices of the Land Route to Cathay and of Asiatic Trade in the First Half of the Fourteenth Century. In: Cathay and the Way Thither. Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. London: 1915. 279–308.https://archive.org/stream/cathayandwaythi00marigoog#page/n68/mode/2up

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Sanudo Torsello M. The book of the secrets of the faithful of the cross. Farnham, Surrey: : Ashgate 2011. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=655469

137

Mandeville J. The book of John Mandeville, with related texts. Indianapolis, Ind: : Hackett Publishing Company 2011.

138

Folda J. Crusader Artistic Interactions with the Mongols in the Thirteenth Century: Figural Imagery, Weapons, and the Cintamani Design. In: Hourihane C, ed. Interactions: artistic interchange between the Eastern and Western worlds in the Medieval period. Princeton, New Jersey: : Index of Christian Art, Department of Art & Arch©Œology, Princeton University 2007. 147–66.

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Amitai R, Biran M, editors. Nomads as agents of cultural change: the Mongols and their Eurasian predecessors. Honolulu: : University of Hawaiʻi Press 2015. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3413788

140

Mack RE. Bazaar to piazza: Islamic trade and Italian art, 1300-1600. Berkeley, CA: : University of California Press 2002.

141

Olschki L. Asiatic Exoticism in Italian Art of the Early Renaissance. The Art Bulletin 1944;26. doi:10.2307/3046937

142

Purtle J. The Far Side: Expatriate Medieval Art and Its Languages in Sino-Mongol China. Medieval Encounters 2011;17:167–97. doi:10.1163/157006711X561758

143

Arnold L. Princely gifts and papal treasures: the Franciscan mission to China and its influence on the art of the West, 1250-1350. San Francisco: : Desiderata 1999.

144

Monnas L. Merchants, princes and painters: silk fabrics in Italian and northern paintings, 1300-1550. New Haven, Conn: : Yale University Press 2008.

145

Rossabi M. Behind the Silk Screen: Movements of Weavers in Asia, Seventh to Fourteenth Centuries. Orientations 1998;29.

146

Tanaka H. Fourteenth Century Sienese Painting and Mongolian and Chinese Influences: The Analysis of Simone Martini’s Works and Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s Major Works. Bijutsushigaku = Art History (Tohoku University) 1985;7:163–90.

147

Tanaka A. Oriental Scripts in the Paintings of Giotto Period. Gazette des beaux-arts 1989;113:214–26.

148

Wardwell AE. Panni Tartarici: Eastern Islamic Silks Woven with Gold and Silver (13th and 14th Centuries). In: Islamic Art: Vol 3. 1999. 95–173.

149

Giffney N. Monstrous Mongols. postmedieval: a journal of medieval cultural studies 2012;3:227–45. doi:10.1057/pmed.2012.10

150

Kim M. Globalizing Imperium: Thirteenth-Century Perspectives on the Mongols. Literature Compass 2014;11:472–83. doi:10.1111/lic3.12155

151

Charles B, Patrick Gautier D. Attitudes Towards the Mongols in Medieval Literature: The XXII Kings of Gog and Magog from the Court of Frederick II to Jean de Mandeville. Viator 1991;22.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1297908837?pq-origsite=summon

152

Friedman JB. The monstrous races in medieval art and thought. [New ed.]. Syracuse, N.Y.: : Syracuse University Press 2000.

153

Chekin LS. The Godless Ishmaelites: the Image of the Steppe in Eleventh-Thirteenth-Century Rus. Russian History 1992;19:9–28. doi:10.1163/187633192X00028

154

Hyde JK. Real and Imaginary Journeys in the Later Middle Ages. Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 1982;65.http://encore.lib.gla.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rb3137443

155

Friedman JB. Cultural Conflicts in Medieval World Maps. In: Schwartz SB, ed. Implicit understandings: observing, reporting, and reflecting on the encounters between Europeans and other peoples in the early modern era. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1994. 64–95.

156

Rudolf Wittkower. Marvels of the East. A Study in the History of Monsters. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 1942;5:159–97.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/750452

157

Khanmohamadi A. Worldly Unease in Late Medieval European Travel Reports. In: Ganim JM, Legassie S, eds. Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages. New York: : Palgrave Macmillan 2013.

158

Strickland DH. Saracens, demons & Jews: making monsters in Medieval art. Princeton, N.J.: : Princeton University Press 2003. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.aaeportal.com/?id=-19747

159

Gow A. Gog and Magog On Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition. Journal of Early Modern History 1998;2:61–88. doi:10.1163/157006598X00090

160

Burnett C, Dalché PG. Attitudes Towards the Mongols in Medieval Literature: The XXII Kings of Gog and Magog from the Court of Frederick II to Jean de Mandeville. Viator 1991;22:153–68. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301320

161

Campbell MB. The witness and the other world: exotic European travel writing, 400-1600. 1st print., Cornell Pbks. Ithaca: : Cornell University Press 1991. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03193

162

Lomperis L. Medieval Travel Writing and the Question of Race. Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 2001;31:147–64. doi:10.1215/10829636-31-1-147

163

Rudolf Wittkower. Marvels of the East. A Study in the History of Monsters. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 1942;5:159–97.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/750452

164

Valtrová J. Beyond the Horizons of Legends:Traditional Imagery and Direct Experience in Medieval Accounts of Asia. Numen 2010;57:154–85. doi:10.1163/156852710X487574

165

Jones WR. The Image of the Barbarian in Medieval Europe. Comparative Studies in Society and History 1971;13. doi:10.1017/S0010417500006381

166

Flint VIJ. Monsters and the Antipodes in the early Middle Ages and Enlightenment. Viator 1984;15:65–80.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.brepolsonline.net./doi/pdf/10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301433

167

Friedman JB. The monstrous races in medieval art and thought. [New ed.]. Syracuse, N.Y.: : Syracuse University Press 2000.

168

Ramey LT. Monstrous Alterity in Early Modern Travel Accounts: Lessons from the Ambiguous Medieval Discourse on Humanness. L’Esprit Créateur 2008;48:81–95. doi:10.1353/esp.2008.0008

169

Wiedemann TEJ. Between man and beasts: barbarians in Amiantus Marcellinus. In: Moxon IS, Smart JD, Woodman AJ, eds. Past perspectives: studies in Greek and Roman historical writing : papers presented at a conference in Leeds, 6-8 April 1983. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1986. 189–201.

170

Schwartz JRS. The outer world of the European Middle Ages. In: Schwartz SB, ed. Implicit understandings: observing, reporting, and reflecting on the encounters between Europeans and other peoples in the early modern era. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1994. 23–63.

171

Rubiés JP, editor. Medieval ethnographies: European perceptions of the world beyond. Farnham, Surrey: : Ashgate Variorum 2009.

172

Jackson P. Medieval Christendom’s encounter with the alien. Historical Research 2001;74:347–69. doi:10.1111/1468-2281.00132

173

Aalto P, Pekkanen T. Latin sources on North-Eastern Eurasia. Wiesbaden: : Harrassowitz 1975.

174

Blurton H. Tartars and Traitors: The Uses of Cannibalism in Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora. In: Cannibalism in high medieval English literature. New York, N.Y.: : Palgrave Macmillan 2007. 81–104.http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781137115799

175

Czarnowus A. The Mongols, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe: The Mirabilia Tradition in Benedict of Poland’s                              and John of Plano Carpini’s. Literature Compass 2014;11:484–95. doi:10.1111/lic3.12150

176

Aigle D. The Mongol Empire between myth and reality: studies in anthropological history. Leiden: : Brill 2015.

177

Menache S. Tartars, Jews, Saracens and the Jewish-Mongol ‘Plot’ of 1241. History 1996;81:319–42. doi:10.1111/1468-229X.00014

178

Jackson P. William of Rubruck in the Mongol Empire: Perception and Prejudices. In: Martels ZRWM von, ed. Travel fact and travel fiction: studies on fiction, literary tradition, scholarly discovery, and observation in travel writing. Leiden: : E.J. Brill 1994. 54–71.

179

Saunders JJ. Matthew Paris and the Mongols. In: Sandquist TA, Powicke M, eds. Essays in medieval history presented to Bertie Wilkinson. Toronto: : University of Toronto Press 1969. 116–32.

180

Hanska J, Ruotsala A. Berthold von Regensburg, OFM, and the Mongols: Medieval Sermon as a Historical Source. Archivum franciscanum historicum: periodica publicatio trimestris cura pp Collegii D Bonaventurae 1908;89:425–45.

181

Cogley RW. ‘The most vile and barbarous Nation of all the World’: Giles Fletcher the Elder’s The Tartars Or, Ten Tribes (ca. 1610)*. Renaissance Quarterly 2005;58.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A136458551&v=2.1&u=glasuni&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=6b410e10a9361f1d9370c626d81e6b9a

182

Power A. Roger Bacon and the Defence of Christendom. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2012. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511843402

183

Schmieder F. Cum hora undecima: The Incorporation of Asia into the orbis Christianus. In: Armstrong G, Wood IN, eds. Christianizing peoples and converting individuals. Turnhout: : Brepols 2000. 265–259.

184

Boyle JA. The Last Barbarian Invaders: The Impact of the Mongol Conquests Upon East and West. Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 1970;112:1–15.

185

Ryan JD. Christian Wives of Mongol Khans: Tartar Queens and Missionary Expectations in Asia. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1998;8:411–21. doi:10.1017/S1356186300010506

186

Phillips KM. Before Orientalism: Asian peoples and cultures in European travel writing, 1245-1510. Philadelphia, Pa: : University of Pennsylvania Press 2014.

187

Jensen KV. Devils, noble savages, and the iron gate: Thirteenth century European concepts of the Mongols. Bulletin of International Medieval Research 2000;6:1–20.

188

Camargo M. The Book of John Mandeville and the Geography of Identity. In: Jones TS, Sprunger DA, eds. Marvels, monsters, and miracles: studies in the medieval and early modern imaginations. Kalamazoo, Mich: : Medieval Institute Publications 2002. 67–84.

189

Devin DeWeese. The Influence of the Mongols on the Religious Consciousness of Thirteenth-Century Europe. Mongolian Studies 1979;5:41–78.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43193054?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

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van den Bent J. "None of the Kings on Earth is Their Equal in ʿaṣabiyya”: The Mongols in Ibn Khaldūn’s Works. Al-Masāq 2016;28:171–86. doi:10.1080/09503110.2016.1198535

191

Connell CW. Western Views of the Origin of the ‘Tartars’: an Example of the Influence of Myth in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century. The Journal of Medieval and Renaissance studies 1973;3:115–37.

192

Brewer K. Prester John: the legend and its sources. Farnham, Surrey, England: : Ashgate 2015. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=2039122

193

Baraz D. Medieval cruelty: changing perceptions, late antiquity to the early modern period. Ithaca: : Cornell University Press 2003.

194

Phillips JRS. Scholarship and the imagination. In: The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford University Press 1998. 177–99.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.001.0001/acprof-9780198207405-chapter-10

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Schmieder F. Nota sectam maometicam atterendam a tartaris et christianis: The Mongols as non-believing apocalyptic friends around the year 1260. Journal of Millennial Studies 1998;1.http://www.mille.org/publications/summer98/fschmieder.pdf

196

Guzman GG. Reports of Mongol Cannibalism in the Thirteenth-Century Latin Sources: Oriental Fact or Western Fiction? In: Westrem SD, ed. Discovering New Worlds: Essays on Medieval Exploration and Imagination. Garlad Press 1991. 31–68.

197

Peleggi M. Shifting Alterity: The Mongol in the Visual and Literary Culture of the Late Middle Ages . The Medieval History Journal 2001;4:15–33. doi:10.1177/097194580100400102

198

Bezzola GA. Die Mongolen in abendländischer Sicht (1220-1270): ein Beitrag zur Frage der Völkerbegegnungen. Francke Verlag 1974.

199

Berend N. At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and ‘pagans’ in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2001.

200

Berend N, Wiszewski P, Urbańczyk P. Central Europe in the high Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland c. 900-c. 1300. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2013.

201

Jackson P. The Crusades of 1239-12€“41 and their aftermath. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 1987;50. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00053180

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Jackson P. The Crusade Against the Mongols (1241). The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 1991;42. doi:10.1017/S0022046900002554

203

Rogers GS. An examination of historians’ explanations for the Mongol withdrawal from East Central Europe. East European Quarterly 1996;30.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A18180110&v=2.1&u=glasuni&it=r&p=EAIM&sw=w&asid=3a86e21e14993150faffe4d71799d2a5

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Tōyō Bunko (Japan), Szczesсiak B. Hagiographical Documentation of the Mongol Invasions of Poland in the Thirteenth Century. Part I: The Preaching Friars. In: Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (The Oriental Library): 17. Tokyo: : The Toyo Bunko 1958. 167–95.

205

Kosztolnyik ZJ. Hungary in the thirteenth century. Boulder, [Colo.]: : East European Monographs 1996.

206

Szabó P. Pilis: Changing settlements in a Hungarian Forest in the Middle Ages. Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU 1997;:283–93.http://www.ams.ceu.edu/1997_8.pdf

207

Engel P. The realm of St. Stephen: a history of medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London: : I. B. Tauris 2001.

208

Várdy SB. Castle Building and Its Social Significance  in Medieval Hungary. Canadian-American Review of Hungarian Studies, 1979;6:91–7.http://epa.oszk.hu/01900/01994/00011/pdf/CARHS_1979_2_091-097.pdf

209

Phillips JRS. Europe and the Mongol invasions. In: The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford University Press 1998. 55–77. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.003.0004

210

Halperin CJ. ‘Know Thy Enemy’: Medieval Russian Familiarity with the Mongols of the Golden Horde. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 1982;30:161–75.https://www.academia.edu/10357151/Charles_J._Halperin_Russian_and_Mongols._Slavs_and_the_Steppe_in_Medieval_and_Early_Modern_Russia

211

Sweeney JR. Identifying the medieval refugee: Hungarians in flight during the Mongol invasion. In: Löb L, Petrovics I, Szınyi GE, eds. Forms of Identity. Definitions and Changes. 1994. 63–76.

212

Favereau M. Тhe Golden Horde and the Mamluks. Golden Horde Review 2017;5:93–115. doi:10.22378/2313-6197.2017-5-1.93-115

213

Vásáry I. The Tatar Factor in the Formation of Muscovy’s Political Culture. In: Amitai R, Biran M, eds. Nomads as agents of cultural change: the Mongols and their Eurasian predecessors. Honolulu: : University of Hawaiʻi Press 2015. 252–70.http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3413788

214

Halperin CJ. The Tatar yoke. Columbus: : Slavica 1986.

215

Halperin CJ. Russo-Tartar Relations in Mongol Context: Two Notes. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 1998;321.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43391348

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Allsen TT. Prelude to the western campaigns: Mongol military operations in the Volga- Ural region, 1217- 1237. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 1983;3:5–24.

217

Halperin CJ. The Battle of Kulikovo Field (1380) in History and Historical Memory. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2013;14:4:853–64. doi:10.1353/kri.2013.0061

218

Maiorov AV. The Mongol Invasion of South Rus’ in 1239–1240s: Controversial and Unresolved Questions. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 2016;29:473–99. doi:10.1080/13518046.2016.1200395

219

Goldfrank DM. Muscovy and the Mongols: What’s What and What’s Maybe. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2000;1:259–66. doi:10.1353/kri.2008.0147

220

Fennell JLI. The crisis of medieval Russia 1200-1304. London: : Longman 1983.

221

Hartog L de. Russia and the Mongol yoke: the history of the Russian principalities and the Golden Horde, 1221-1502. London: : British Academic Press 1996.

222

Noonan TS. Medieval Russia, the Mongols, and the West: Novgorod’s Relations with the Baltic, 1100-1350. Mediaeval Studies 1975;37:316–39. doi:10.1484/J.MS.2.306186

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Charles J. Halperin. Ivan IV and Chinggis Khan. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 2003;:481–97.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41051135

224

Omeljan Pritsak. Moscow, the Golden Horde, and the Kazan Khanate from a Polycultural Point of View. Slavic Review 1967;26:577–83.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2492610

225

Halperin CJ. Russia and the Golden Horde: the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history. Bloomington: : Indiana University Press 1987. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=4543534

226

Golden PB. Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. Aldershot, Hampshire: : Ashgate/Variorum 2003.

227

Selart A. Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the thirteenth century. Boston: : Brill 2015.

228

Golden PB. The peoples of the south Russian steppes. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 1990;:270–84.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521243049

229

Ostrowski DG. Muscovy and the Mongols: cross-cultural influences on the steppe frontier, 1304-1589. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1998.

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Halperin CJ. Kliuchevskii and the Tartar Yoke. Canadian-American Slavic Studies 2000;34:3–408. doi:10.1163/221023900X00515

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Vernadsky G. The Mongols and Russia. New Haven, Conn: : Yale University Press 1953.

232

DeWeese DA. Islamization and native religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and conversion to Islam in historical and epic tradition. University Park, Pa: : Pennsylvania State University Press 1994.

233

Zatko JJ. The Union of Suzdal, 1222–1252. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 1957;8:33–52. doi:10.1017/S0022046900068901

234

Tubach J, Vashalomidze GS, Zimmer M, editors. Caucasus during the Mongol Period =: Der Kaukasus in der Mongolenzeit. Wiesbaden: : Reichert Verlag 2012.

235

Guzman GG. European captives and craftsmen among the Mongols, 1231-1255. The Historian 2010;72.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=glasuni&id=GALE|A221917893&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&userGroup=glasuni

236

Olschki L. Guillaume Boucher: a French artist at the court of the Khans. New York: : Greenwood Press 1969. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36553

237

Gervers M, Schlepp W, Central and Inner Asian Seminar. Nomadic diplomacy, destruction and religion from the Pacific to the Adriatic: papers prepared for the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, 1992-93. Toronto: : Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies 1994.

238

Dmytryshyn B. Medieval Russia: a source book, 900-1700. 2nd ed. New York: : Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1973.

239

Henry of Livonia. The chronicle of Henry of Livonia. New York: : Columbia University Press 2003.

240

Rogerius. Gesta Hungarorum. English ed. Budapest: : Central European University Press 2010. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3137319

241

Mitchell R, Forbes N, editors. The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016-1471. London: : Office of the Society 1914. https://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/MF1914.pdf

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Perfecky GA, editor. The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle. Harvard Ukrainian 2002.

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Brosset H. Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l’antiquité jusqu’au XIX siècle. St Petersburg: 1850. https://archive.org/details/histoiredelagor01fgoog

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Grinberg L. From Mongol Prince to Russian Saint: A Neglected 15th-Century Russian Source on the Mongol Land Consecration Ritual. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2011;12:647–73. doi:10.1353/kri.2011.0030

245

Schneider F. Ein Schreiben der Ungarn an die Kurie aus der letzten Zeit des Tatareneinfalles. (2. Februar 1242). Mitteilungen des österreichischen Instituts für Geschichtsforschung (MIÖG) 1915;36:661–70.

246

Dörrie H, editor. Drei Texte zur Geschichte der Ungarn und und Mongolen: die Missionsreisen des Fr. Julianus O. P. ins Uralgebiet (1234/59 und nach Rußland (1237) und der Bericht des Erzbischofs Peter über die Tartaren. Göttingen: : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1956.

247

Jackson P. The Mongols and the Islamic world: from conquest to conversion. New Haven: : Yale University Press 2017. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300125337.001.0001

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Boyle JA, editor. The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1968. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521069366

249

Jackson P. The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260. The English Historical Review 1980;95:481–513.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/568054

250

Richard J. The Mongols and the Franks. Journal of Asian History 1969;3:45–57.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41929939

251

Manz BF. The Rule of the Infidels: the Mongols and the Islamic World. In: Morgan DO, Reid A, eds. The New Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2000. 128–68. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521850315

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Lane G. Persian Notables and the Families Who Underpinned the Ilkhanate. In: Amitai R, Biran M, eds. Nomads as agents of cultural change: the Mongols and their Eurasian predecessors. Honolulu: : University of Hawaiʻi Press 2015. 182–213.http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3413788

253

Lane G. Whose secret Intent? In: Rossabi M, ed. Eurasian Influences On Yuan China: Cross-Cultural Transmissions in the 13th and 14th Centuries. Singapore: : Univerity of Singapore Press 2012. 1–40.http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14258/

254

Biran M. Ilkhanid Empire. In: Encyclopedia of Empires Online. 2016. 1–7. doi:10.10029781118455074.wbeoe362

255

Boyle JA. The Il-Khans of Persia and the Christian West. History Todayhttps://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1299019901?accountid=14540

256

Morgan DO. The Mongols in Syria, 1260–1300. In: Edbury PW, ed. Crusade and settlement: papers read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and presented to R.C. Smail. Cardiff: : University College Cardiff Press 1985. 231–5.

257

Amitai-Preiss R. Ghazan, Islam and Mongol Tradition: A View from the Mamlūk sultanate. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1996;59:1–10.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/619387

258

Amitai-Preiss R. Mongols and Mamluks: the Mamluk-Īlkhānid war, 1260-1281. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1995.

259

Phillips JRS. The Lost Alliance: European Monarchs and Mongol ‘Crusaders’. In: The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford University Press 1998. 115–32.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.001.0001/acprof-9780198207405-chapter-7

260

Morgan DO. The Mongols and the eastern Mediterranean. Mediterranean Historical Review 1989;4:198–211. doi:10.1080/09518968908569567

261

Amitai R. The Impact of the Mongols on the History of Syria: Politics, Society and Culture. In: Amitai R, Biran M, eds. Nomads as agents of cultural change: the Mongols and their Eurasian predecessors. Honolulu: : University of Hawaii Press 2015. 271–82.https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3413788

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Amitai R. Northern Syria between the Mongols and Mamluks: Political Boundary, Military frontier and Ethnic affinity. In: Standen N, Power D, eds. Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands c. 700-1700. London: : Macmillan Press 1999. 128–52.https://www.academia.edu/15744557/_Northern_Syria_between_the_Mongols_and_Mamluks_Political_Boundary_Military_frontier_and_Ethnic_affinity._In_Naomi_Standen_and_Daniel_Power_editors._Frontiers_in_Question_Eurasian_Borderlands_c._700-1700._London_Macmillan_Press_1999._128-52

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Amitai R. Dangerous Liaisons: Armenian-Mongol-Mamluk Relations (1260-1292). In: Dédéyan G, Mutafian C, eds. La Méditerranée des Arméniens, XIIe-XVe siècle. Paris: : Geuthner 2014. 191–206.https://www.academia.edu/15048103/_Dangerous_Liaisons_Armenian-Mongol-Mamluk_Relations_1260-1292_._In_G%C3%A9rard_D%C3%A9d%C3%A9yan_and_Claude_Mutafian_eds._La_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_des_Arm%C3%A9niens_XIIe-XVe_si%C3%A8cle._Orient_Chr%C3%A9tien_M%C3%A9di%C3%A9val._Paris_Geuthner_2014._191-206

264

Brack Y. A Mongol Princess Making hajj: The Biography of El Qutlugh Daughter of Abagha Ilkhan (r. 1265–82). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2011;21:331–59. doi:10.1017/S1356186311000265

265

Irwin R. The Middle East in the Middle Ages: the early Mamluk sultanate, 1250-1382. Carbondale: : Southern Illinois University Press 1986. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00900

266

Hillenbrand C, editor. Studies in honour of Clifford Edmund Bosworth: Volume 2: The Sultan’s turret : studies in Persian and Turkish culture. Leiden: : Brill 2000.

267

Munt H. The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East. Al-Masāq 2017;29:195–7. doi:10.1080/09503110.2017.1327210

268

Giebfried J. The Mongol invasions and the Aegean world (1241–61). Mediterranean Historical Review 2013;28:129–39. doi:10.1080/09518967.2013.837640

269

Jackson P. The Seventh Crusade, 1244-1254: sources and documents. Farnham: : Ashgate 2009.

270

Crawford P, editor. The ‘Templar of Tyre’: Part III of the ‘Deeds of the Cypriots’. Aldershot, Hampshire: : Ashgate 2003. https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781351881333

271

Bird JL, Peters E, Powell JM, editors. Crusade and Christendom: annotated documents in translation from Innocent III to the fall of Acre, 1187-1291. Philadelphia: : University of Pennsylvania Press 2013.

272

Charles J. Halperin. Russia in The Mongol Empire in Comparative Perspective. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1983;43:239–61.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719023

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Charles J. Halperin. George Vernadsky, Eurasianism, the Mongols, and Russia. Slavic Review 1982;41:477–93.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2497020

274

Paul Hyer. The Re-Evaluation of Chinggis Khan: Its Role in the Sino-Soviet Dispute. Asian Survey 1966;6:696–705.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642195

275

Forbes Manz B. Mongol History rewritten and relived. Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée 2000;:129–49. doi:10.4000/remmm.276

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Derenko MV, Malyarchuk BA, Wozniak M, et al. Distribution of the male lineages of Genghis Khan’s descendants in northern Eurasian populations. Russian Journal of Genetics 2007;43:334–7. doi:10.1134/S1022795407030179

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Zerjal T, Xue Y, Bertorelle G, et al. The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2003;72:717–21. doi:10.1086/367774

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Balaresque P, Poulet N, Cussat-Blanc S, et al. Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success: young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations. European Journal of Human Genetics 2015;23:1413–22. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.285

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Heywood C. Filling the Black Hole: The Emergence of the Bithynian Atamanates. In: Çiçek K, et al., eds. The Great Ottoman—Turkish Civilization, vol. 1. 2000. 107–15.

280

Dawson C. The Mongol mission: narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. London: : Sheed & Ward 1955.

281

Meyvaert P. An Unknown Letter of Hulagu, Il-Khan of Persia, to King Louis IX of France. Viator 1980;11:245–60.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1297915665?pq-origsite=summon

282

Göckenjan H, Sweeney JR. Der Mongolensturm: Berichte von Augenzeugen und Zeitgenossen, 1235-1250. Graz: : Styria 1985.

283

Bacon R. The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon: a translation. New York, NY: : Russell & Russell 1962.

284

Power A. Roger Bacon and the Defence of Christendom. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2012. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511843402

285

Paris M, Giles JA. Matthew Paris’s English history: from the year 1235 to 1273. London: : Bohn 1852.

286

Hilpert H-E, German Historical Institute in London. Kaiser und Papstbriefe in den Chronica majora des Matthaus Paris. Stuttgart: : Klett-Cotta 1981.

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Rudolf K. Die Tartaren 1241/1242. Nachrichten und Wiedergabe: Korrespondenz und Historiographie. Römische Historische Mitteilungen 1977;19:79–107.

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Saunders JJ. Matthew Paris and the Mongols. In: Sandquist TA, Powicke M, eds. Essays in medieval history presented to Bertie Wilkinson. Toronto: : University of Toronto Press 1969. 116–32.

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Vaughan R. Matthew Paris. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1958.

290

Vincent of Beauvais. Speculum historiale (Excerpta). Turnhout: : Brepols Publishers 2011. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://clt.brepolis.net/eMGH/pages/TextSearch.aspx?key=M_CRX__OEK

291

Gregory G. Guzman. The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin. Speculum 1974;49:287–307.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2856045

292

William of Rubruck. The mission of William of Rubruck: His journey to the court of the Great Khan Möngke 1253-1255. London: : Hakluyt Society 1990.

293

Rubruck W of. The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-55. London: : Hakluyt Society 1900.

294

Beazley CR, Ruysbroeck W van. The texts and versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis, as printed for the first time by Hakluyt in 1598, together with some shorter pieces. London: : Printed for the Hakluyt Society 1903.

295

Dawson C. The Mongol mission: narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. London: : Sheed & Ward 1955.

296

Jackson P. William of Rubruck in the Mongol Empire: perception and prejudices. In: Martels Z von, ed. Travel fact and travel fiction: studies on fiction, literary tradition, scholarly discovery, and observation in travel writing. Leiden: : E.J. Brill 1994. 54–71.

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Beazley CR, Ruysbroeck W van. The texts and versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis, as printed for the first time by Hakluyt in 1598, together with some shorter pieces. London: : Printed for the Hakluyt Society 1903.

298

Dawson C. The Mongol mission: narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. London: : Sheed & Ward 1955.

299

Giovanni da P del C. The story of the Mongols whom we call the Tartars =: Historia Mongalorum quos nos Tartaros appellamus : Friar Giovanni di Plano Carpini’s account of his embassy to the court of the Mongol Khan. Boston: : Branden Pub. Co 1996.

300

Sinor D. John of Plano Carpini’s Return from the Mongols. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 1957;89:193–206. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00115837

301

Czarnowus A. The Mongols, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe: The Mirabilia Tradition in Benedict of Poland’s                              and John of Plano Carpini’s. Literature Compass 2014;11:484–95. doi:10.1111/lic3.12150

302

Gregory G. Guzman. The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin. Speculum 1974;49:287–307.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2856045

303

Bennett S. The report of friar John of Plano Carpini: analysis of an intelligence gathering mission conducted on behalf of the Papacy in the mid thirteenth century. History Studies: University of Limerick History Society Journal 2011;12:1–14.https://ulir.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10344/3688/History%20Studies_12_2011_12.9MB.pdf?sequence=2

304

Simon de Saint-Quentin. Histoire des Tartares. Paris: : P. Geuthner 1965.

305

Gregory G. Guzman. The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin. Speculum 1974;49:287–307.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2856045

306

Guzman GG. Simon of Saint-Quentin and the Dominican Mission to the Mongol Baiju: A Reappraisal. Speculum 1971;46.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2854853

307

Thomas of Spalato. Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum. Budapest: : Central European University Press 2006.

308

Sweeney JR. Thomas of Spalato and the Mongols: a thirteenth-century Dalmatian view of Mongol customs. Florilegium 1982;4.https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/flor/article/view/15352/20508

309

Yule H, Odorico. The travels of Friar Odoric. Grand Rapids, Mich: : W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co 2002.

310

Moule AC. A Life of Odoric of Pordenone. T’oung Pao 1921;20:275–90.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4526615

311

Henry of Livonia. The chronicle of Henry of Livonia. New York: : Columbia University Press 2003.

312

Mitchell R, Forbes N, editors. The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016-1471. London: 1914. http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/MF1914.pdf

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Skelton RA, Painter GD. The ‘Vinland map’ and the ‘Tartar relation’. New Haven, CT: : Yale U.P. 1965.

314

Rogerius. Gesta Hungarorum. English ed. Budapest: : Central European University Press 2010. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3137319

315

Roger of Apulia. Carmen Miserabile super Destructione Regni Hungariae per Tartaros,. In: Perlbach M, ed. MGH 29: Ex rerum Ungaricarum scriptoribus saec. XIII.http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00000885_00557.html?sortIndex=010%3A050%3A0029%3A010%3A00%3A00

316

John of Maignolli. Recollections of Travel in the East. In: Yule H, ed. Cathay and the Way Tither. Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. London: 1915. 311–94.https://archive.org/stream/cathayandwaythi00marigoog#page/n70/mode/2up

317

Medieval Academy of America. Mission to Asia. Toronto: : Published by University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America 2008.

318

D. O. Morgan. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa and the Mongols. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2001;11:1–11.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188080

319

Rachewiltz I de. The secret history of the Mongols: a Mongolian epic chronicle of the thirteenth century. Leiden: : Brill 2006. https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=cedarbooks

320

Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb. The successors of Genghis Khan. New York: : Columbia University Press 1971. https://archive.org/details/Boyle1971RashidAlDin

321

Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb. Compendium of Chronicles. London: : I.B. Tauris 2012.

322

D. O. Morgan. Ibn Baṭṭūṭa and the Mongols. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2001;11:1–11.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188080

323

Juvayni A al-DAM, Boyle JA, Morgan D. Genghis Khan: the history of the world conqueror. Manchester: : Manchester University Press 1997. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001086/108630Eb.pdf

324

Hayton of Gorigos. The Flowers of the Histories of the East. http://rbedrosian.com/hetum1.htm

325

Gandzakets’i K. Kirakos Gandzakets’i’s History of the Armenians. New York: 1986. https://archive.org/details/KirakosGanjaketsisHistoryOfTheArmenians

326

Osipian A. Armenian Involvement in the Latin-Mongol Crusade: Uses of the Magi and Prester John in Constable Smbat’s Letter and Hayton of Corycus’s "Flos historiarum terre orientis,” 1248-1307. Medieval Encounters 2014;20:66–100. doi:10.1163/15700674-12342157

327

Thackston WM, Khvānd Mīr G al-D ibn H al-Dīn, Ḥaydar Mīrzā, et al. Classical writings of the medieval Islamic world: Persian histories of the Mongol dynasties. London: : I.B. Tauris 2012.

328

Bar Hebraeus, Bodleian Library. The chronography of Gregory Abû’l Faraj, the son of Aaron, the Hebrew physician, commonly known as Bar Hebraeus: being the first part of his political history of the world. London: : Oxford University Press 1932.

329

Sweeney JR. Thomas of Spalato and the Mongols: a thirteenth-century Dalmatian view of Mongol customs. Florilegium 1982;4.https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/flor/article/view/15352/20508

330

Power A. Roger Bacon and the Defence of Christendom. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2012. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511843402

331

Haenisch E, Olbricht P. Zum Untergang zweier Reiche: Berichte von Augenzeugen aus den Jahren 1232-33 und 1368-70. Wiesbaden: : Steiner [in Komm.] 1969.

332

Fennell JLI, Obolensky D. A historical Russian reader: a selection of texts from the eleventh to the sixteenth centuries. Oxford: : Clarendon P 1969.