Bibliography for Mongols and the West 2.0 BETA

Aalto, P. and Pekkanen, T. (1975) Latin sources on North-Eastern Eurasia. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Abu-Lughod, J.L. (1989a) Before European hegemony: the world system A.D. 1250-1350. New York: Oxford University Press.

Abu-Lughod, J.L. (1989b) Before European hegemony: the world system A.D. 1250-1350. New York: Oxford University Press.

Aigle, D. (2005) ‘The Letters of Eljigidei, Hülegü, and Abaqa: Mongol Overtures or Christian Ventriloquism?’, Inner Asia, 7(2), pp. 143–162. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23615692.

Aigle, D. (2015a) The Mongol Empire between myth and reality: studies in anthropological history. Leiden: Brill.

Aigle, D. (2015b) The Mongol Empire between myth and reality: studies in anthropological history. Leiden: Brill.

Allen, R. (ed.) (2004) Eastward bound: travel and travellers, 1050-1550. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Allsen, T.T. (1983) ‘Prelude to the western campaigns: Mongol military operations in the Volga- Ural region, 1217- 1237’, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 3, pp. 5–24.

Allsen, T.T. (1986) ‘Guard and Government in the Reign of The Grand Qan Möngke, 1251-59’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 46(2), pp. 495–521. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719141.

Allsen, T.T. (1987) Mongol imperialism: the policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic lands, 1251-1259. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Allsen, T.T. (1989) ‘Mongolian Princes and Their Merchant Partners, 1200-1260’, Asia Major, 2(2), pp. 83–126. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41645437.

Allsen, T.T. (1997a) Commodity and exchange in the Mongol empire: a cultural history of Islamic textiles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Allsen, T.T. (1997b) ‘Ever Closer Encounters: the Appropriation of Culture and the Apportionment of Peoples in the Mongol Empire’, Journal of Early Modern History, 1(1), pp. 2–23. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/157006597X00208.

Allsen, T.T. (1997c) ‘Ever Closer Encounters: the Appropriation of Culture and the Apportionment of Peoples in the Mongol Empire’, Journal of Early Modern History, 1(1), pp. 2–23. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/157006597X00208.

Allsen, T.T. (2001) Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Allsen, T.T. (2015) ‘Population Movements in Mongol Eurasia’, in R. Amitai and M. Biran (eds) Nomads as agents of cultural change: the Mongols and their Eurasian predecessors. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, pp. 119–151. Available at: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3413788.

Amitai, R. (1999) ‘Northern Syria between the Mongols and Mamluks: Political Boundary, Military frontier and Ethnic affinity.’, in N. Standen and D. Power (eds) Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands c. 700-1700. London: Macmillan Press, pp. 128–152. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/15744557/_Northern_Syria_between_the_Mongols_and_Mamluks_Political_Boundary_Military_frontier_and_Ethnic_affinity._In_Naomi_Standen_and_Daniel_Power_editors._Frontiers_in_Question_Eurasian_Borderlands_c._700-1700._London_Macmillan_Press_1999._128-52.

Amitai, R. (2001) ‘Edward of England and Abagha Ilkhan. A Reexamination of a failed attempt at Mongol- Frankish cooperation’, in M. Gervers and J.M. Powell (eds) Tolerance and intolerance: social conflict in the age of the Crusades. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, pp. 75–82.

Amitai, R. (2014) ‘Dangerous Liaisons: Armenian-Mongol-Mamluk Relations (1260-1292)’, in G. Dédéyan and C. Mutafian (eds) La Méditerranée des Arméniens, XIIe-XVe siècle. Paris: Geuthner, pp. 191–206. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/15048103/_Dangerous_Liaisons_Armenian-Mongol-Mamluk_Relations_1260-1292_._In_G%C3%A9rard_D%C3%A9d%C3%A9yan_and_Claude_Mutafian_eds._La_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e_des_Arm%C3%A9niens_XIIe-XVe_si%C3%A8cle._Orient_Chr%C3%A9tien_M%C3%A9di%C3%A9val._Paris_Geuthner_2014._191-206.

Amitai, R. (2015) ‘The Impact of the Mongols on the History of Syria: Politics, Society and Culture’, in R. Amitai and M. Biran (eds) Nomads as agents of cultural change: the Mongols and their Eurasian predecessors. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 271–282. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3413788.

Amitai, R. and Biran, M. (eds) (2015) Nomads as agents of cultural change: the Mongols and their Eurasian predecessors. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. Available at: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3413788.

Amitai-Preiss, R. (1995) Mongols and Mamluks: the Mamluk-Īlkhānid war, 1260-1281. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Amitai-Preiss, R. (1996) ‘Ghazan, Islam and Mongol Tradition: A View from the Mamlūk sultanate’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 59(1), pp. 1–10. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/619387.

Amitai-Preiss, R. (1999) ‘Mongol imperial ideology and the Ilkhanid war against the Mamluks’, in R. Amitai-Preiss and D.O. Morgan (eds) The Mongol empire and its legacy. Leiden: Brill.

Amitai-Preiss, R. and Morgan, D.O. (eds) (1999) The Mongol Empire and its Legacy. Leiden: Brill.

Arnold, L. (1999) Princely gifts and papal treasures: the Franciscan mission to China and its influence on the art of the West, 1250-1350. San Francisco: Desiderata.

Bacon, R. (1962) The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon: a translation. Edited by R.B. Burke. New York, NY: Russell & Russell.

Balaresque, P. et al. (2015) ‘Y-chromosome descent clusters and male differential reproductive success: young lineage expansions dominate Asian pastoral nomadic populations’, European Journal of Human Genetics, 23(10), pp. 1413–1422. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2014.285.

Bar Hebraeus and Bodleian Library (1932) The chronography of Gregory Abû’l Faraj, the son of Aaron, the Hebrew physician, commonly known as Bar Hebraeus: being the first part of his political history of the world. Edited by E.A.W. Budge. London: Oxford University Press.

Baraz, D. (2003) Medieval cruelty: changing perceptions, late antiquity to the early modern period. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Bartlett, R. (1994) The making of Europe: conquest, colonization and cultural change 950-1350. London: Penguin Books.

Baumer, C. (2016) The history of Central Asia: Volume three: The Age of Islam and the Mongols. London: I.B. Tauris.

Beazley, C.R. and Ruysbroeck, W. van (1903a) The texts and versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis, as printed for the first time by Hakluyt in 1598, together with some shorter pieces. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society.

Beazley, C.R. and Ruysbroeck, W. van (1903b) The texts and versions of John de Plano Carpini and William de Rubruquis, as printed for the first time by Hakluyt in 1598, together with some shorter pieces. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society.

Bennett, S. (2011) ‘The report of friar John of Plano Carpini: analysis of an intelligence gathering mission conducted on behalf of the Papacy in the mid thirteenth century’, History Studies: University of Limerick History Society Journal, 12, pp. 1–14. Available at: https://ulir.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10344/3688/History%20Studies_12_2011_12.9MB.pdf?sequence=2.

van den Bent, J. (2016) ‘"None of the Kings on Earth is Their Equal in ʿaṣabiyya”: The Mongols in Ibn Khaldūn’s Works’, Al-Masāq, 28(2), pp. 171–186. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2016.1198535.

Bentley, J.H. (1996) ‘Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History’, The American Historical Review, 101(3), pp. 749–770. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2169422.

Bentley, J.H. and American Council of Learned Societies (1993) Old World encounters: cross-cultural contacts and exchanges in pre-modern times [electronic resource]. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.30958.

Berend, N. (2001) At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and ‘pagans’ in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Berend, N., Wiszewski, P. and Urbańczyk, P. (2013) Central Europe in the high Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland c. 900-c. 1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bezzola, G.A. (1974) Die Mongolen in abendländischer Sicht (1220-1270): ein Beitrag zur Frage der Völkerbegegnungen. Francke Verlag.

Biran, M. (2013) ‘The Mongol Empire in World History: The State of the Field’, History Compass, 11(11), pp. 1021–1033. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12095.

Biran, M. (2015) ‘The Mongol Empire and inter-civilizational exchange’, in B.Z. Kedar and M. Wiesner-Hanks (eds) The Cambridge World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 534–558. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667480.021.

Biran, M. (2016) ‘Ilkhanid Empire’, in Encyclopedia of Empires Online, pp. 1–7. Available at: https://doi.org/10.10029781118455074.wbeoe362.

Bird, J.L., Peters, E. and Powell, J.M. (eds) (2013) Crusade and Christendom: annotated documents in translation from Innocent III to the fall of Acre, 1187-1291. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Blurton, H. (2007) ‘Tartars and Traitors: The Uses of Cannibalism in Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora’, in Cannibalism in high medieval English literature. First edition. New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 81–104. Available at: http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781137115799.

Boyle, J.A. (ed.) (1968) The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521069366.

Boyle, J.A. (1969) ‘Rashid al-Din: the First World Historian’, Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 17(4). Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1301939363?accountid=14540.

Boyle, J.A. (1970) ‘The Last Barbarian Invaders: The Impact of the Mongol Conquests Upon East and West’, Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 112(1), pp. 1–15.

Boyle, J.A. (no date) ‘The Il-Khans of Persia and the Christian West’, History Today [Preprint], (8). Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1299019901?accountid=14540.

Brack, Y. (2011) ‘A Mongol Princess Making hajj: The Biography of El Qutlugh Daughter of Abagha Ilkhan (r. 1265–82)’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 21(03), pp. 331–359. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1356186311000265.

Brewer, K. (2015) Prester John: the legend and its sources. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=2039122.

Brosset, H. (1850) Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l’antiquité jusqu’au XIX siècle. St Petersburg. Available at: https://archive.org/details/histoiredelagor01fgoog.

Budge, E.A.W. (ed.) (1928) The monks of Ḳûblâi Khân, emperor of China or, The history of the life and travels of Rabban Ṣâwmâ, envoy and plentipotentiary of the Mongol khâns to the kings of Europe, and Marḳôs who as Mâr Yahbh-Allâhâ III became patriarch of the Nestorian church in Asia. London: Religious Tract Society. Available at: https://pages.uoregon.edu/sshoemak/324/texts/monks_of_kubla_khan.htm.

Burnett, C. and Dalché, P.G. (1991) ‘Attitudes Towards the Mongols in Medieval Literature: The XXII Kings of Gog and Magog from the Court of Frederick II to Jean de Mandeville’, Viator, 22, pp. 153–168. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301320.

Camargo, M. (2002) ‘The Book of John Mandeville and the Geography of Identity’, in T.S. Jones and D.A. Sprunger (eds) Marvels, monsters, and miracles: studies in the medieval and early modern imaginations. Kalamazoo, Mich: Medieval Institute Publications, pp. 67–84.

Campbell, M.B. (1988) ‘The Utter East: Merchant and Missionary Travels during the ‘Mongol Peace’’, in The Witness and the Other World: Exotic European Travel Writing, 400-1600. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 87–121. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03193.

Campbell, M.B. (1991) The witness and the other world: exotic European travel writing, 400-1600 [electronic resource]. 1st print., Cornell Pbks. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03193.

Carswell, J. (2005) ‘More About The Mongols: Chinese Porcelain From Asia To Europe’, Asian Affairs, 36(2), pp. 158–168. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03068370500039029.

Charles, B. and Patrick Gautier, D. (1991) ‘Attitudes Towards the Mongols in Medieval Literature: The XXII Kings of Gog and Magog from the Court of Frederick II to Jean de Mandeville’, Viator, 22. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1297908837?pq-origsite=summon.

Charles J. Halperin (1982) ‘George Vernadsky, Eurasianism, the Mongols, and Russia’, Slavic Review, 41(3), pp. 477–493. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2497020.

Charles J. Halperin (1983) ‘Russia in The Mongol Empire in Comparative Perspective’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 43(1), pp. 239–261. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719023.

Charles J. Halperin (2003) ‘Ivan IV and Chinggis Khan’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, pp. 481–497. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41051135.

Chekin, L.S. (1992) ‘The Godless Ishmaelites: the Image of the Steppe in Eleventh-Thirteenth-Century Rus’, Russian History, 19(1), pp. 9–28. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/187633192X00028.

Cogley, R.W. (2005) ‘“The most vile and barbarous Nation of all the World”: Giles Fletcher the Elder’s The Tartars Or, Ten Tribes (ca. 1610)*’, Renaissance Quarterly, 58. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A136458551&v=2.1&u=glasuni&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=6b410e10a9361f1d9370c626d81e6b9a.

Connell, C.W. (1973) ‘Western Views of the Origin of the “Tartars”: an Example of the Influence of Myth in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century’, The Journal of Medieval and Renaissance studies, 3, pp. 115–137.

Crawford, P. (ed.) (2003) The ‘Templar of Tyre’: Part III of the ‘Deeds of the Cypriots’. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. Available at: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781351881333.

Cultural Brokers between Religions. Border-Crossers and Experts at Mediterranean Courts (2013) Cultural brokers at Mediterranean courts in the Middle Ages. Edited by M. von der Höh, N. Jaspert, and J.R. Oesterle. München: Wilhelm Fink.

Czarnowus, A. (2014a) ‘The Mongols, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe: The Mirabilia Tradition in Benedict of Poland’s                              and John of Plano Carpini’s’, Literature Compass, 11(7), pp. 484–495. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12150.

Czarnowus, A. (2014b) ‘The Mongols, Eastern Europe, and Western Europe: The Mirabilia Tradition in Benedict of Poland’s                              and John of Plano Carpini’s’, Literature Compass, 11(7), pp. 484–495. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12150.

D. O. Morgan (2001a) ‘Ibn Baṭṭūṭa and the Mongols’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 11(1), pp. 1–11. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188080.

D. O. Morgan (2001b) ‘Ibn Baṭṭūṭa and the Mongols’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 11(1), pp. 1–11. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188080.

Dawson, C. (1955a) The Mongol mission: narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. London: Sheed & Ward.

Dawson, C. (1955b) The Mongol mission: narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. London: Sheed & Ward.

Dawson, C. (1955c) The Mongol mission: narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. London: Sheed & Ward.

Dawson, C. (1955d) The Mongol mission: narratives and letters of the Franciscan missionaries in Mongolia and China in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. London: Sheed & Ward.

De Rachewiltz, I. (1971) Papal envoys to the great Khans. London: Faber and Faber Ltd.

Derenko, M.V. et al. (2007) ‘Distribution of the male lineages of Genghis Khan’s descendants in northern Eurasian populations’, Russian Journal of Genetics, 43(3), pp. 334–337. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795407030179.

Devin DeWeese (1979) ‘The Influence of the Mongols on the Religious Consciousness of Thirteenth-Century Europe’, Mongolian Studies, 5, pp. 41–78. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43193054?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.

DeWeese, D.A. (1994a) Islamization and native religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and conversion to Islam in historical and epic tradition. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press.

DeWeese, D.A. (1994b) Islamization and native religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and conversion to Islam in historical and epic tradition. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Di Cosmo, N. (2010) ‘Black Sea Emporia and the Mongol Empire: A Reassessment of the Pax Mongolica.’, Journal of the Economic & Social History of the Orient, 53(1), pp. 83–108. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=45694064&site=ehost-live.

Di Cosmo, N., Frank, A.J. and Golden, P.B. (eds) (2009) The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139056045.

Dmytryshyn, B. (1973) Medieval Russia: a source book, 900-1700. 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Dörrie, H. (ed.) (1956) Drei Texte zur Geschichte der Ungarn und und Mongolen: die Missionsreisen des Fr. Julianus O. P. ins Uralgebiet (1234/59 und nach Rußland (1237) und der Bericht des Erzbischofs Peter über die Tartaren. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Edson, E. and Savage-Smith, E. (2004) Medieval views of the Cosmos. Oxford: Bodleian Library.

Engel, P. (2001) The realm of St. Stephen: a history of medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London: I. B. Tauris.

Espada, A.G. (2009) ‘Marco Polo, Odorico of Pordenone, the Crusades, and the Role of the Vernacular in the First Descriptions of the Indies’, Viator, 40(1), pp. 201–222. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VIATOR.1.100351.

Favereau, M. (2017) ‘Тhe Golden Horde and the Mamluks’, Golden Horde Review, 5(1), pp. 93–115. Available at: https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2017-5-1.93-115.

Fennell, J.L.I. (1983) The crisis of medieval Russia 1200-1304. London: Longman.

Fennell, J.L.I. and Obolensky, D. (1969) A historical Russian reader: a selection of texts from the eleventh to the sixteenth centuries. Oxford: Clarendon P.

Fischel, W.J. (1956) ‘A New Latin Source on Tamerlane’s Conquest of Damascus (1400/1401): (B. de Mignanelli’s “Vita Tamerlani” 1416)’, Oriens, 9(2), pp. 201–232. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1579274.

Flint, V.I.J. (1984) ‘Monsters and the Antipodes in the early Middle Ages and Enlightenment’, Viator, 15, pp. 65–80. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.brepolsonline.net./doi/pdf/10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301433.

Folda, J. (2007) ‘Crusader Artistic Interactions with the Mongols in the Thirteenth Century: Figural Imagery, Weapons, and the Cintamani Design’, in C. Hourihane (ed.) Interactions: artistic interchange between the Eastern and Western worlds in the Medieval period. Princeton, New Jersey: Index of Christian Art, Department of Art & Arch©Œology, Princeton University, pp. 147–166.

Forbes Manz, B. (2000) ‘Mongol History rewritten and relived’, Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, (89–90), pp. 129–149. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4000/remmm.276.

Foster, J. (1954) ‘Crosses from the Walls of Zaitun’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 86(1–2), pp. 1–25. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X0010629X.

Francis Balducci Pegolotti (1915) ‘Notices of the Land Route to Cathay and of Asiatic Trade in the First Half of the Fourteenth Century’, in Cathay and the Way Thither. Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. London, pp. 279–308. Available at: https://archive.org/stream/cathayandwaythi00marigoog#page/n68/mode/2up.

Franke, H. (1994) ‘Sino-Western Contacts Under the Mongol Empire’, in China under Mongol rule. Aldershot: Variorum, pp. 49–72. Available at: http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/ba238c350f88e040d5c64d8cb722f1d0.pdf.

Friedman, J.B. (1994) ‘Cultural Conflicts in Medieval World Maps’, in S.B. Schwartz (ed.) Implicit understandings: observing, reporting, and reflecting on the encounters between Europeans and other peoples in the early modern era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 64–95.

Friedman, J.B. (2000a) The monstrous races in medieval art and thought. [New ed.]. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.

Friedman, J.B. (2000b) The monstrous races in medieval art and thought. [New ed.]. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press.

Gandzakets’i, K. (1986) Kirakos Gandzakets’i’s History of the Armenians. Edited by R. Bedrosian. New York. Available at: https://archive.org/details/KirakosGanjaketsisHistoryOfTheArmenians.

Gardner, I., Lieu, S.N.C. and Parry, K. (2005) From Palmyra to Zayton: epigraphy and iconography. Turnhout: Brepols.

Gervers, M., Schlepp, W., and Central and Inner Asian Seminar (1994) Nomadic diplomacy, destruction and religion from the Pacific to the Adriatic: papers prepared for the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, 1992-93. Toronto: Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies.

Giebfried, J. (2013) ‘The Mongol invasions and the Aegean world (1241–61)’, Mediterranean Historical Review, 28(2), pp. 129–139. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518967.2013.837640.

Giffney, N. (2012) ‘Monstrous Mongols’, postmedieval: a journal of medieval cultural studies, 3(2), pp. 227–245. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/pmed.2012.10.

Giovanni, da P. del C. (1996) The story of the Mongols whom we call the Tartars =: Historia Mongalorum quos nos Tartaros appellamus : Friar Giovanni di Plano Carpini’s account of his embassy to the court of the Mongol Khan. Boston: Branden Pub. Co.

Göckenjan, H. and Sweeney, J.R. (1985) Der Mongolensturm: Berichte von Augenzeugen und Zeitgenossen, 1235-1250. Graz: Styria.

Golden, P.B. (1990) ‘The peoples of the south Russian steppes’, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Edited by D. Sinor, pp. 270–284. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.

Golden, P.B. (2003a) ‘Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre-Cinggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia’, Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs, Variorum collected studies series.

Golden, P.B. (2003b) Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate/Variorum.

Goldfrank, D.M. (2000) ‘Muscovy and the Mongols: What’s What and What’s Maybe’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 1(2), pp. 259–266. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1353/kri.2008.0147.

Gow, A. (1998) ‘Gog and Magog On Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition’, Journal of Early Modern History, 2(1), pp. 61–88. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/157006598X00090.

Gregory G. Guzman (1974a) ‘The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin’, Speculum, 49(2), pp. 287–307. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2856045.

Gregory G. Guzman (1974b) ‘The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin’, Speculum, 49(2), pp. 287–307. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2856045.

Gregory G. Guzman (1974c) ‘The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin’, Speculum, 49(2), pp. 287–307. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2856045.

Gregory G. Guzman (1974d) ‘The Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin’, Speculum, 49(2), pp. 287–307. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2856045.

Grierson, P. (1974) ‘Muslim coins in thirteenth-century England’, in D.J. Kouymijan (ed.) Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy and History. Studies in Honour of George C. Miles. Beirut, pp. 387–391.

Grinberg, L. (2011) ‘From Mongol Prince to Russian Saint: A Neglected 15th-Century Russian Source on the Mongol Land Consecration Ritual’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 12(3), pp. 647–673. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1353/kri.2011.0030.

Guzman, G.G. (1971a) ‘Simon of Saint-Quentin and the Dominican Mission to the Mongol Baiju: A Reappraisal’, Speculum, 46(2). Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/2854853.

Guzman, G.G. (1971b) ‘Simon of Saint-Quentin and the Dominican Mission to the Mongol Baiju: A Reappraisal’, Speculum, 46(2). Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2854853.

Guzman, G.G. (1985) ‘Christian Europe and Mongol Asia: First Medieval Intercultural Contact Between East and West’, Essays in Medieval Studies, 2, pp. 227–244. Available at: http://www.illinoismedieval.org/ems/EMSpdf/V2/V2Guzman.pdf.

Guzman, G.G. (1991) ‘Reports of Mongol Cannibalism in the Thirteenth-Century Latin Sources: Oriental Fact or Western Fiction?’, in S.D. Westrem (ed.) Discovering New Worlds: Essays on Medieval Exploration and Imagination. Garlad Press, pp. 31–68.

Guzman, G.G. (1996) ‘European clerical envoys to the Mongols: Reports of Western merchants in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, 1231–1255’, Journal of Medieval History, 22(1), pp. 53–67. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4181(96)00008-5.

Guzman, G.G. (2010) ‘European captives and craftsmen among the Mongols, 1231-1255’, The Historian, 72(1). Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=glasuni&id=GALE|A221917893&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&userGroup=glasuni.

Haenisch, E. and Olbricht, P. (1969) Zum Untergang zweier Reiche: Berichte von Augenzeugen aus den Jahren 1232-33 und 1368-70. Wiesbaden: Steiner [in Komm.].

Haining, T. (1986) ‘The Mongols and religion’, Asian Affairs, 17(1), pp. 19–32. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03068378608730208.

Halperin, C.J. (1982) ‘“Know Thy Enemy”: Medieval Russian Familiarity with the Mongols of the Golden Horde’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 30(2), pp. 161–175. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/10357151/Charles_J._Halperin_Russian_and_Mongols._Slavs_and_the_Steppe_in_Medieval_and_Early_Modern_Russia.

Halperin, C.J. (1986) The Tatar yoke. Columbus: Slavica.

Halperin, C.J. (1987) Russia and the Golden Horde: the Mongol impact on medieval Russian history. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=4543534.

Halperin, C.J. (1998) ‘Russo-Tartar Relations in Mongol Context: Two Notes’, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 321(339). Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43391348.

Halperin, C.J. (2000) ‘Kliuchevskii and the Tartar Yoke’, Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 34(4), pp. 3–408. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/221023900X00515.

Halperin, C.J. (2013) ‘The Battle of Kulikovo Field (1380) in History and Historical Memory’, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, 14:4(4), pp. 853–864. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1353/kri.2013.0061.

Hamilton, B. (2015) ‘Western Christian Contacts with Buddhism’, in C. Methuen, A. Spicer, and J. Wolffe (eds) Christianity and religious plurality. Woodbridge: Published for The Ecclesiastical Society by The Boydell Press.

Hanska, J. and Ruotsala, A. (1908) ‘Berthold von Regensburg, OFM, and the Mongols: Medieval Sermon as a Historical Source’, Archivum franciscanum historicum: periodica publicatio trimestris cura pp. Collegii D. Bonaventurae, 89, pp. 425–445.

Hartog, L. de (1996) Russia and the Mongol yoke: the history of the Russian principalities and the Golden Horde, 1221-1502. London: British Academic Press.

Hayton of Gorigos (no date) The Flowers of the Histories of the East. Available at: http://rbedrosian.com/hetum1.htm.

Henry of Livonia (2003a) The chronicle of Henry of Livonia. Edited by J.A. Brundage. New York: Columbia University Press.

Henry of Livonia (2003b) The chronicle of Henry of Livonia. Edited by J.A. Brundage. New York: Columbia University Press.

Heywood, C. (2000) ‘Filling the Black Hole: The Emergence of the Bithynian Atamanates’, in K. Çiçek and et al. (eds) The Great Ottoman—Turkish Civilization, vol. 1, pp. 107–115.

Hillenbrand, C. (ed.) (2000) Studies in honour of Clifford Edmund Bosworth: Volume 2: The Sultan’s turret : studies in Persian and Turkish culture. Leiden: Brill.

Hilpert, H.-E. and German Historical Institute in London (1981) Kaiser und Papstbriefe in den Chronica majora des Matthaus Paris. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.

Ho, C. (2012) ‘Thirteenth and Fourteenth Century European-Mongol Relations’, History Compass, 10(12), pp. 946–968. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12018.

Hourihane, C. (2007) Interactions: artistic interchange between the Eastern and Western worlds in the Medieval period. Princeton: Index of Christian Art, Department of Art & Archæology, Princeton University.

Hyde, J.K. (1982) ‘Real and Imaginary Journeys in the Later Middle Ages’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, 65. Available at: http://encore.lib.gla.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rb3137443.

Irwin, R. (1986) The Middle East in the Middle Ages: the early Mamluk sultanate, 1250-1382 [electronic resource]. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00900.

Jackson, P. (1980) ‘The Crisis in the Holy Land in 1260’, The English Historical Review, 95(376), pp. 481–513. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/568054.

Jackson, P. (1987) ‘The Crusades of 1239-12€“41 and their aftermath’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 50(01). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X00053180.

Jackson, P. (1991) ‘The Crusade Against the Mongols (1241)’, The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 42(01). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022046900002554.

Jackson, P. (1994a) ‘Early missions to the Mongols: Carpini and his contemporaries’, Annual report, pp. 14–32.

Jackson, P. (1994b) ‘William of Rubruck in the Mongol Empire: perception and prejudices’, in Z. von Martels (ed.) Travel fact and travel fiction: studies on fiction, literary tradition, scholarly discovery, and observation in travel writing. Leiden: E.J. Brill, pp. 54–71.

Jackson, P. (1994c) ‘William of Rubruck in the Mongol Empire: Perception and Prejudices’, in Z.R.W.M. von Martels (ed.) Travel fact and travel fiction: studies on fiction, literary tradition, scholarly discovery, and observation in travel writing. Leiden: E.J. Brill, pp. 54–71.

Jackson, P. (1994d) ‘William of Rubruck in the Mongol Empire: perception and prejudices’, in Z. von Martels (ed.) Travel fact and travel fiction: studies on fiction, literary tradition, scholarly discovery, and observation in travel writing. Leiden: E.J. Brill, pp. 54–71.

Jackson, P. (1999a) ‘From Ulus to Khanate: the making of the Mongol states, c.1220-c.1290’, in R. Amitai-Preiss and D. Morgan (eds) The Mongol empire and its legacy. Leiden: Brill, pp. 12–38.

Jackson, P. (1999b) ‘The Mongols and Europe’, in D. Abulafia (ed.) The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5: c.1198-c.1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 703–719. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521362894.

Jackson, P. (2001) ‘Medieval Christendom’s encounter with the alien’, Historical Research, 74(186), pp. 347–369. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00132.

Jackson, P. (2004a) ‘The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered’, in R. Amital and M. Biran (eds) Mongols, Turks, And Others. Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 245–290.

Jackson, P. (2004b) ‘The Mongols and the Faith of the Conquered’, in R. Amital and M. Biran (eds) Mongols, Turks, And Others. Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 245–290.

Jackson, P. (2005) The Mongols and the west, 1221-1410. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman.

Jackson, P. (2009) The Seventh Crusade, 1244-1254: sources and documents. Farnham: Ashgate.

Jackson, P. (2017) The Mongols and the Islamic world: from conquest to conversion. New Haven: Yale University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300125337.001.0001.

Jacoby, D. (2006) ‘Marco Polo, His Close Relatives, and His Travel Account: Some New Insights’, Mediterranean Historical Review, 21(2), pp. 193–218. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518960601030134.

Jacoby, D. (2014) ‘Marino Sanudo Torsello on Trade Routes, Commodities, and Taxation’, in Travellers, merchants and settlers in the eastern Mediterranean, 11th-14th centuries. Farnham: Ashgate Variorum, pp. 184–197.

Jacques Paviot (2000) ‘England and the Mongols (c. 1260-1330)’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 10(3), pp. 305–318. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25188032.

Jean Richard (1968) ‘European Voyages in the Indian Ocean and Caspian Sea (12th-15th Centuries)’, Iran, 6, pp. 45–52. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299600.

Jensen, K.V. (2000) ‘Devils, noble savages, and the iron gate: Thirteenth century European concepts of the Mongols’, Bulletin of International Medieval Research, 6, pp. 1–20.

John of Maignolli (1915) ‘Recollections of Travel in the East’, in H. Yule (ed.) Cathay and the Way Tither. Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China. London, pp. 311–394. Available at: https://archive.org/stream/cathayandwaythi00marigoog#page/n70/mode/2up.

Jones, W.R. (1971) ‘The Image of the Barbarian in Medieval Europe’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 13(04). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500006381.

Juvayni, A. al-D.A.M., Boyle, J.A. and Morgan, D. (1997) Genghis Khan: the history of the world conqueror. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001086/108630Eb.pdf.

Kamila, S. (2015) ‘History and legend in the Jāmi` al-tawārikh: Abraham, Alexander, and Oghuz Khan’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 25(4), pp. 555–577. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1356186315000218.

Kẹdar, B.Z. and Wiesner, M.E. (eds) (2015) The Cambridge world history: Volume 5: Expanding webs of exchange and conflict, 500CE-1500CE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Khanmohamadi, A. (2013) ‘Worldly Unease in Late Medieval European Travel Reports’, in J.M. Ganim and S. Legassie (eds) Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages. First edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Kim, M. (2014) ‘Globalizing Imperium: Thirteenth-Century Perspectives on the Mongols’, Literature Compass, 11(7), pp. 472–483. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12155.

Kinoshita, S. (2016) ‘The Painter, the Warrior, and the Sultan: The World of Marco Polo in Three Portraits’, The Medieval Globe, 2(1), pp. 101–128. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/22516484/The_Medieval_Globe_The_Painter_the_Warrior_and_the_Sultan_The_World_of_Marco_Polo_in_Three_Portraits.

Komaroff, L. (ed.) (2013) Beyond the legacy of Genghis Khan. Leiden: Brill.

Kortüm, H.-H. (ed.) (2006) Transcultural wars from the Middle Ages to the 21st century. Berlin: Akademie. Available at: http://GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1348821.

Koss, N. (1999) The best and fairest land: images of China in medieval Europe. Taipei: Bookman Books.

Kosztolnyik, Z.J. (1996) Hungary in the thirteenth century. Boulder, [Colo.]: East European Monographs.

Krämer, F., Schmidt, K. and Singer, J. (eds) (2011) Historicizing the ‘Beyond’: the Mongolian invasion as a new dimension of violence? Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter.

Kupfer, M. (1996) ‘The Lost Wheel Map of Ambrogio Lorenzetti’, The Art Bulletin, 78(2), pp. 286–310. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3046176.

Kuroda, A. (2009) ‘The Eurasian silver century, 1276–1359: commensurability and multiplicity’, Journal of Global History, 4(02). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022809003143.

L. Lockhart (1968) ‘The Relations between Edward I and Edward II of England and the Mongol Īl-Khāns of Persia’, Iran, 6, pp. 23–31. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299598.

Lane, G. (2012) ‘Whose secret Intent?’, in M. Rossabi (ed.) Eurasian Influences On Yuan China: Cross-Cultural Transmissions in the 13th and 14th Centuries. Singapore: Univerity of Singapore Press, pp. 1–40. Available at: http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14258/.

Lane, G. (2015) ‘Persian Notables and the Families Who Underpinned the Ilkhanate’, in R. Amitai and M. Biran (eds) Nomads as agents of cultural change: the Mongols and their Eurasian predecessors. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, pp. 182–213. Available at: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3413788.

Larner, J. (1999) Marco Polo and the discovery of the world. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Linehan, P., Nelson, J.L., and Dawson Books (2001a) The medieval world [electronic resource]. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315016207.

Linehan, P., Nelson, J.L., and Dawson Books (2001b) The medieval world [electronic resource]. London: Routledge. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315016207.

Lomperis, L. (2001) ‘Medieval Travel Writing and the Question of Race’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 31(1), pp. 147–164. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1215/10829636-31-1-147.

Lopez, R.S. (1943) ‘European Merchants in Mediaeval India’, The Journal of Economic History, 3(2), pp. 164–184. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2113495.

Lopez, R.S. (1952) ‘China Silk in Europe in the Yuan Period’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 72(2), pp. 72–76. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/595832.

Mack, R.E. (2002) Bazaar to piazza: Islamic trade and Italian art, 1300-1600. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Maiorov, A.V. (2016) ‘The Mongol Invasion of South Rus’ in 1239–1240s: Controversial and Unresolved Questions’, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 29(3), pp. 473–499. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2016.1200395.

Mandeville, J. (2011) The book of John Mandeville, with related texts. Edited by I.M. Higgins. Indianapolis, Ind: Hackett Publishing Company.

Manz, B.F. (2000) ‘The Rule of the Infidels: the Mongols and the Islamic World’, in D.O. Morgan and A. Reid (eds) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 128–168. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521850315.

Markham, C. (ed.) (no date) Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour at Samarcand, A.D. 1403-6. London: Hakluyt Society. Available at: https://archive.org/stream/narrativeembass00markgoog#page/n14/mode/2up.

Marshall, R. (1993) Storm from the East: from Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan. London: BBC.

Mary Dienes (1937) ‘Eastern Missions of the Hungarian Dominicans in the First Half of the Thirteenth Century’, Isis, 27(2), pp. 225–241. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/225412.

Mason, R. (1993) ‘The Mongol Mission and Kyivan Rus’, Ukrainian Quarterly, 49(4), pp. 385–402.

May, T. (2006) ‘The Training of an Inner Asian Nomad Army in the Pre-Modern Period’, The Journal of Military History, 70(3), pp. 617–635. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2006.0179.

May, T. (2015) ‘The Mongol Art of War and the Tsunami Strategy’, Golden Horde Civilisation, 8, pp. 31–38. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/16167427/The_Mongol_Art_of_War_and_the_Tsunami_Strategy.

May, T. (no date) ‘The Chinggis Exchange: the Mongol Empire and Global Impact on Warfare’, World History Connected, 12(1). Available at: http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/12.1/forum_may.html.

Medieval Academy of America (2008a) Mission to Asia. Edited by C. Dawson. Toronto: Published by University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America.

Medieval Academy of America (2008b) Mission to Asia. Edited by C. Dawson. Toronto: Published by University of Toronto Press in association with the Medieval Academy of America.

Menache, S. (1996) ‘Tartars, Jews, Saracens and the Jewish-Mongol “Plot” of 1241’, History, 81(263), pp. 319–342. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-229X.00014.

Meyvaert, P. (1980a) ‘An Unknown Letter of Hulagu, Il-Khan of Persia, to King Louis IX of France’, Viator, 11, pp. 245–260. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301508.

Meyvaert, P. (1980b) ‘An Unknown Letter of Hulagu, Il-Khan of Persia, to King Louis IX of France’, Viator, 11, pp. 245–260. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1297915665?pq-origsite=summon.

Mitchell, R. and Forbes, N. (eds) (1914a) The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016-1471. London. Available at: http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/MF1914.pdf.

Mitchell, R. and Forbes, N. (eds) (1914b) The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016-1471. London: Office of the Society. Available at: https://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/MF1914.pdf.

Monnas, L. (2008) Merchants, princes and painters: silk fabrics in Italian and northern paintings, 1300-1550. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.

Morgan, D. (2007) The Mongols. 2nd ed. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishing.

Morgan, D. (2009) ‘The Decline and Fall of the Mongol Empire’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 19(04). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1356186309990046.

Morgan, D.O. (1985) ‘The Mongols in Syria, 1260–1300’, in P.W. Edbury (ed.) Crusade and settlement: papers read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and presented to R.C. Smail. Cardiff: University College Cardiff Press, pp. 231–235.

Morgan, D.O. (1989) ‘The Mongols and the eastern Mediterranean’, Mediterranean Historical Review, 4(1), pp. 198–211. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518968908569567.

Morton, A.H.. (1978) ‘Ghurid Gold en route to England?’, Iran, 16, pp. 167–170. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4299657.

Moule, A.C. (1921) ‘A Life of Odoric of Pordenone’, T’oung Pao, 20(3), pp. 275–290. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4526615.

Muldoon, J. (1979) Popes, lawyers, and infidels: the Church and the non-Christian world, 1250-1550. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Müller, W.K. (1986) ‘Yü Da-Djün: On the Dating of the Secret History of the Mongols’, Monumenta Serica, 37(1), pp. 277–303. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02549948.1986.11731193.

Munt, H. (2017) ‘The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East’, Al-Masāq, 29(2), pp. 195–197. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09503110.2017.1327210.

Noonan, T.S. (1975) ‘Medieval Russia, the Mongols, and the West: Novgorod’s Relations with the Baltic, 1100-1350’, Mediaeval Studies, 37, pp. 316–339. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.MS.2.306186.

Olschki, L. (1944) ‘Asiatic Exoticism in Italian Art of the Early Renaissance’, The Art Bulletin, 26(2). Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/3046937.

Olschki, L. (1969) Guillaume Boucher: a French artist at the court of the Khans. New York: Greenwood Press. Available at: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36553.

Omeljan Pritsak (1967) ‘Moscow, the Golden Horde, and the Kazan Khanate from a Polycultural Point of View’, Slavic Review, 26(4), pp. 577–583. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2492610.

Osipian, A. (2014) ‘Armenian Involvement in the Latin-Mongol Crusade: Uses of the Magi and Prester John in Constable Smbat’s Letter and Hayton of Corycus’s "Flos historiarum terre orientis,” 1248-1307’, Medieval Encounters, 20(1), pp. 66–100. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342157.

Ostrowski, D.G. (1998) Muscovy and the Mongols: cross-cultural influences on the steppe frontier, 1304-1589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Paris, M. and Giles, J.A. (1852a) Matthew Paris’s English history: from the year 1235 to 1273. London: Bohn. Available at: https://archive.org/details/matthewparissen01rishgoog.

Paris, M. and Giles, J.A. (1852b) Matthew Paris’s English history: from the year 1235 to 1273. London: Bohn.

Parry, K. (2003) ‘Angels and Apsaras: Christian Tombstones from Quanzhou’, TAASA Review [The Journal of the Asian Arts Society of Australia], 12(2), pp. 4–5. Available at: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk/secure/link?id=ea40801b-dd40-e911-80cd-005056af4099.

Paul Hyer (1966) ‘The Re-Evaluation of Chinggis Khan: Its Role in the Sino-Soviet Dispute’, Asian Survey, 6(12), pp. 696–705. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642195.

Peleggi, M. (2001) ‘Shifting Alterity: The Mongol in the Visual and Literary Culture of the Late Middle Ages ’, The Medieval History Journal, 4(1), pp. 15–33. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/097194580100400102.

Perfecky, G.A. (ed.) (2002) The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle [Hardcover]. Harvard Ukrainian.

Peter Jackson (1998) ‘Marco Polo and His “Travels”’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 61(1), pp. 82–101. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3107293.

Phillips, J.R.S. (1998a) ‘Europe and the Mongol invasions’, in The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford University Press, pp. 55–77. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.003.0004.

Phillips, J.R.S. (1998b) ‘European merchants and the East’, in The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford University Press, pp. 96–114. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.001.0001/acprof-9780198207405-chapter-6.

Phillips, J.R.S. (1998c) ‘Scholarship and the imagination’, in The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford University Press, pp. 177–199. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.001.0001/acprof-9780198207405-chapter-10.

Phillips, J.R.S. (1998d) ‘The eastern missions’, in The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford University Press, pp. 78–95. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.001.0001/acprof-9780198207405-chapter-5.

Phillips, J.R.S. (1998e) ‘The Lost Alliance: European Monarchs and Mongol “Crusaders”’, in The Medieval Expansion of Europe. Oxford University Press, pp. 115–132. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.001.0001/acprof-9780198207405-chapter-7.

Phillips, J.R.S. and Oxford University Press (1998) The medieval expansion of Europe [electronic resource]. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207405.001.0001.

Phillips, K.M. (2014) Before Orientalism: Asian peoples and cultures in European travel writing, 1245-1510. Philadelphia, Pa: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Polo, M. (1958a) The travels of Marco Polo. Edited by R. Latham. London: Penguin Books.

Polo, M. (1958b) The travels of Marco Polo. Edited by R. Latham. London: Penguin Books.

Power, A. (2012a) Roger Bacon and the Defence of Christendom [electronic resource]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511843402.

Power, A. (2012b) Roger Bacon and the Defence of Christendom [electronic resource]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511843402.

Power, A. (2012c) Roger Bacon and the Defence of Christendom [electronic resource]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511843402.

Power, A. (2015a) ‘Encounters in the Ruins: Latin Captives, Franciscan Friars and the Dangers of Religious Plurality in the early Mongol Empire’, in C. Methuen, A. Spicer, and J. Wolffe (eds) Christianity and religious plurality. Woodbridge: Published for The Ecclesiastical Society by The Boydell Press.

Power, A. (2015b) ‘Encounters in the Ruins: Latin Captives, Franciscan Friars and the Dangers of Religious Plurality in the early Mongol Empire’, in C. Methuen, A. Spicer, and J. Wolffe (eds) Christianity and religious plurality. Woodbridge: Published for The Ecclesiastical Society by The Boydell Press.

Prazniak, R. (2010) ‘Siena on the Silk Roads: Ambrogio Lorenzetti and the Mongol Global Century, 1250–1350’, Journal of World History, 21(2), pp. 177–217. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1353/jwh.0.0123.

Previato, T. (2016) ‘Pre-modern Globalization and Islamic Networks under Mongol Rule: Some Preliminary Considerations on the Spreading of Sufi Knowledge in Gansu-Qinghai’, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 36(2), pp. 235–266. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2016.1186427.

Purtle, J. (2011) ‘The Far Side: Expatriate Medieval Art and Its Languages in Sino-Mongol China’, Medieval Encounters, 17(1–2), pp. 167–197. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/157006711X561758.

de Rachewiltz, I. (1965) ‘Some Remarks on the Dating of the Secret History of the Mongols’, Monumenta Serica, 24(1), pp. 185–206. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02549948.1965.11744939.

Rachewiltz, I. de (1973a) ‘Some remarks on the ideological foundations of Chingis Khan’s empire’, Papers on Far Eastern History, 7, pp. 21–36. Available at: https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/rachewiltz/Rachewiltz_Some%20Remarks%20on%20the%20Ideological%20Foundations%201973.pdf.

Rachewiltz, I. de (1973b) ‘Some remarks on the ideological foundations of Chingis Khan’s empire’, Papers on Far Eastern History, 7, pp. 21–36. Available at: https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/rachewiltz/Rachewiltz_Some%20Remarks%20on%20the%20Ideological%20Foundations%201973.pdf.

Rachewiltz, I. de (2006) The secret history of the Mongols: a Mongolian epic chronicle of the thirteenth century. Leiden: Brill. Available at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=cedarbooks.

Ramey, L.T. (2008) ‘Monstrous Alterity in Early Modern Travel Accounts: Lessons from the Ambiguous Medieval Discourse on Humanness’, L’Esprit Créateur, 48(1), pp. 81–95. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1353/esp.2008.0008.

Raphael, K. (2009) ‘Mongol Siege Warfare on the Banks of the Euphrates and the Question of Gunpowder (1260-1312)’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 19(3), pp. 355–370. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27756073.

Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb (1971) The successors of Genghis Khan. New York: Columbia University Press. Available at: https://archive.org/details/Boyle1971RashidAlDin.

Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb (2012) Compendium of Chronicles, Classical writings of the medieval Islamic world: Persian histories of the Mongol dynasties. Edited by W.M. Thackston. London: I.B. Tauris.

Ratchnevsky, P. (1991) Genghis Khan, his life and legacy. Edited by T.N. Haining. Oxford: Blackwell.

Richard, J. (1969) ‘The Mongols and the Franks’, Journal of Asian History, 3(1), pp. 45–57. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41929939.

Roest, B. (2003) ‘Medieval Franciscan Mission: History and Concept’, in W. van Bekkum and P.M. Cobb (eds) Strategies of medieval communal identity. Leuven: Peeters, pp. 137–162.

Roger of Apulia (no date) ‘Carmen Miserabile super Destructione Regni Hungariae per Tartaros’, in M. Perlbach (ed.) MGH 29: Ex rerum Ungaricarum scriptoribus saec. XIII. Available at: http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00000885_00557.html?sortIndex=010%3A050%3A0029%3A010%3A00%3A00.

Rogerius (2010a) Gesta Hungarorum. English ed. Edited by M.C. Rady, L. Veszprémy, and J.M. Bak. Budapest: Central European University Press. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3137319.

Rogerius (2010b) Gesta Hungarorum. English ed. Edited by M.C. Rady, L. Veszprémy, and J.M. Bak. Budapest: Central European University Press. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3137319.

Rogerius (2010c) Gesta Hungarorum. English ed. Edited by M.C. Rady, L. Veszprémy, and J.M. Bak. Budapest: Central European University Press. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3137319.

Rogers, G.S. (1996) ‘An examination of historians’ explanations for the Mongol withdrawal from East Central Europe’, East European Quarterly, 30(1). Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A18180110&v=2.1&u=glasuni&it=r&p=EAIM&sw=w&asid=3a86e21e14993150faffe4d71799d2a5.

Rossabi, M. (1987) Khubilai Khan: his life and times. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Rossabi, M. (1992) Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the first journey from China to the West. 1st ed. Tokyo: Kodansha International.

Rossabi, M. (1998) ‘Behind the Silk Screen: Movements of Weavers in Asia, Seventh to Fourteenth Centuries’, Orientations, 29(3).

Rossabi, M. (2011) The Mongols and global history: a Norton documents reader. 1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton.

Rubiés, J.P. (ed.) (2009) Medieval ethnographies: European perceptions of the world beyond. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Variorum.

Rubruck, W. of (1900) The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-55. Edited by W.W. Rockhill. London: Hakluyt Society.

Rudolf, K. (1977) ‘Die Tartaren 1241/1242. Nachrichten und Wiedergabe: Korrespondenz und Historiographie’, Römische Historische Mitteilungen, 19, pp. 79–107.

Rudolf Wittkower (1942a) ‘Marvels of the East. A Study in the History of Monsters’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 5, pp. 159–197. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/750452.

Rudolf Wittkower (1942b) ‘Marvels of the East. A Study in the History of Monsters’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 5, pp. 159–197. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/750452.

Ruotsala, A. (2001a) Europeans and Mongols in the middle of the thirteenth century: encountering the other. [Helsinki]: The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters.

Ruotsala, A. (2001b) Europeans and Mongols in the middle of the thirteenth century: encountering the other. [Helsinki]: The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters.

Ryan, J. (1981) ‘Nicholas IV and the evolution of the eastern missionary effort’, Archivum historiae pontificiae, 19, pp. 79–95. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jUEYeZfWXsYC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=%22Nicholas+IV+and+the+evolution+of+the+eastern+missionary+effort%22&source=bl&ots=rJNMjpsJei&sig=EGUW8tpK23lkPfvW2aPSA65n8sk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU9pvQgYfLAhVBaRQKHT3xBS0Q6AEIODAH#v=onepage&q=%22Nicholas%20IV%20and%20the%20evolution%20of%20the%20eastern%20missionary%20effort%22&f=false.

Ryan, J. (2000) ‘To Baptize Khans or to Convert Peoples? Missionary Aims in Central Asia in the Fourteenth Century’, in G. Armstrong and I.N. Wood (eds) Christianizing peoples and converting individuals: [Selected proceedings of the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, 1997]. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 247–257.

Ryan, J.D. (1993) ‘European Travelers before Columbus: The Fourteenth Century’s Discovery of India’, The Catholic Historical Review, 79(4), pp. 648–670. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25024143.

Ryan, J.D. (1998a) ‘Christian Wives of Mongol Khans: Tartar Queens and Missionary Expectations in Asia’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 8(03), pp. 411–421. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1356186300010506.

Ryan, J.D. (1998b) ‘Preaching Christianity Along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar “Middle Kingdom” in the Fourteenth Century’, Journal of Early Modern History, 2(4), pp. 350–373. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/157006598X00027.

Ryan, J.D. (1998c) ‘Preaching Christianity Along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar “Middle Kingdom” in the Fourteenth Century’, Journal of Early Modern History, 2(4), pp. 350–373. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/157006598X00027.

Ryan, J.D. (1998d) ‘Preaching Christianity Along the Silk Route: Missionary Outposts in the Tartar “Middle Kingdom” in the Fourteenth Century’, Journal of Early Modern History, 2(4), pp. 350–373. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/157006598X00027.

Ryan, J.D. (2004) ‘Missionary saints of the high middle ages: martyrdom, popular veneration, and canonization’, The Catholic Historical Review, 90(1). Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA117040866&v=2.1&u=glasuni&it=r&p=EAIM&sw=w&asid=6789ee52dcb3dec72a5bdc9e58d538eb.

Sanudo Torsello, M. (2011) The book of the secrets of the faithful of the cross. Edited by P. Lock. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=655469.

Saunders, J.J. (1969a) ‘Matthew Paris and the Mongols’, in T.A. Sandquist and M. Powicke (eds) Essays in medieval history presented to Bertie Wilkinson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 116–132.

Saunders, J.J. (1969b) ‘Matthew Paris and the Mongols’, in T.A. Sandquist and M. Powicke (eds) Essays in medieval history presented to Bertie Wilkinson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 116–132.

Schmieder, F. (1998) ‘Nota sectam maometicam atterendam a tartaris et christianis: The Mongols as non-believing apocalyptic friends around the year 1260’, Journal of Millennial Studies, 1(1). Available at: http://www.mille.org/publications/summer98/fschmieder.pdf.

Schmieder, F. (2000) ‘Cum hora undecima: The Incorporation of Asia into the orbis Christianus’, in G. Armstrong and I.N. Wood (eds) Christianizing peoples and converting individuals. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 265–259.

Schneider, F. (1915) ‘Ein Schreiben der Ungarn an die Kurie aus der letzten Zeit des Tatareneinfalles. (2. Februar 1242)’, Mitteilungen des österreichischen Instituts für Geschichtsforschung (MIÖG), 36, pp. 661–670.

Schwartz, J.R.S. (1994) ‘The outer world of the European Middle Ages’, in S.B. Schwartz (ed.) Implicit understandings: observing, reporting, and reflecting on the encounters between Europeans and other peoples in the early modern era. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 23–63.

Sela, R. (2011) The Legendary Biographies of Tamerlane: Islam and Heroic Apocrypha in Central Asia [electronic resource]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511977343.

Selart, A. (2015) Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the thirteenth century. Boston: Brill.

Simon de Saint-Quentin (1965) Histoire des Tartares. Edited by J. Richard. Paris: P. Geuthner.

Sinor, D. (1957a) ‘John of Plano Carpini’s Return from the Mongols’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 89(3–4), pp. 193–206. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00115837.

Sinor, D. (1957b) ‘John of Plano Carpini’s Return from the Mongols’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 89(3–4), pp. 193–206. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0035869X00115837.

Sinor, D. (1975) ‘The Mongols and Western Europe’, in K.M. Setton (ed.) A history of the Crusades, vol. III. 2nd ed. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 513–544.

Sinor, D. (1999) ‘The Mongols in the West’, Journal of Asian History, 33(1), pp. 1–44. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41933117.

Skelton, R.A. and Painter, G.D. (1965) The ‘Vinland map’ and the ‘Tartar relation’. New Haven, CT: Yale U.P.

Smith, Jr., J.M. (1984) ‘Ayn Jālūt: Mamlūk Sucess or Mongol Failure?’, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 44(2), pp. 307–345. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719035.

Smith Jr., J.M. (1993) ‘Demographic Considerations in Mongol Siege Warfare’, Archivum Ottomanicum, 13, pp. 329–334.

Strickland, D.H. (2003) Saracens, demons & Jews: making monsters in Medieval art. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.aaeportal.com/?id=-19747.

Subrahmanyam, S. (2011) Mughals and Franks. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Sweeney, J.R. (1982a) ‘Thomas of Spalato and the Mongols: a thirteenth-century Dalmatian view of Mongol customs’, Florilegium, 4. Available at: https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/flor/article/view/15352/20508.

Sweeney, J.R. (1982b) ‘Thomas of Spalato and the Mongols: a thirteenth-century Dalmatian view of Mongol customs’, Florilegium, 4. Available at: https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/flor/article/view/15352/20508.

Sweeney, J.R. (1994) ‘Identifying the medieval refugee: Hungarians in flight during the Mongol invasion’, in L. Löb, I. Petrovics, and G.E. Szınyi (eds) Forms of Identity. Definitions and Changes, pp. 63–76.

Szabó, P. (1997) ‘Pilis: Changing settlements in a Hungarian Forest in the Middle Ages’, Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU, pp. 283–293. Available at: http://www.ams.ceu.edu/1997_8.pdf.

Tanaka, A. (1989) ‘Oriental Scripts in the Paintings of Giotto Period’, Gazette des beaux-arts, 113, pp. 214–226.

Tanaka, H. (1985) ‘Fourteenth Century Sienese Painting and Mongolian and Chinese Influences: The Analysis of Simone Martini’s Works and Ambrogio Lorenzetti’s Major Works’, Bijutsushigaku = Art History (Tohoku University), 7, pp. 163–190.

Tang, L. (2006) ‘Mongol Responses to Christianity in China: A Yuan Dynasty Phenomenon’, Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series, 63, pp. 3–24. Available at: http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps06_063.pdf.

Thackston, W.M. et al. (2012) Classical writings of the medieval Islamic world: Persian histories of the Mongol dynasties. London: I.B. Tauris.

Thomas of Spalato (2006a) Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum. Edited by O. Perić et al. Budapest: Central European University Press.

Thomas of Spalato (2006b) Historia Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum - History of the Bishops of Salona and Split. Edited by O. Perić et al. Budapest: Central European University Press. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/reader.action?docID=3137225&ppg=1.

Tōyō Bunko (Japan) and Szczesсiak, B. (1958) ‘Hagiographical Documentation of the Mongol Invasions of Poland in the Thirteenth Century. Part I: The Preaching Friars’, in Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (The Oriental Library): 17. Tokyo: The Toyo Bunko, pp. 167–195.

Tubach, J., Vashalomidze, G.S. and Zimmer, M. (eds) (2012) Caucasus during the Mongol Period =: Der Kaukasus in der Mongolenzeit. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.

Valtrová, J. (2010) ‘Beyond the Horizons of Legends:Traditional Imagery and Direct Experience in Medieval Accounts of Asia’, Numen, 57(2), pp. 154–185. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1163/156852710X487574.

Várdy, S.B. (1979) ‘Castle Building and Its Social Significance  in Medieval Hungary’, Canadian-American Review of Hungarian Studies, 6(2), pp. 91–97. Available at: http://epa.oszk.hu/01900/01994/00011/pdf/CARHS_1979_2_091-097.pdf.

Vásáry, I. (2015) ‘The Tatar Factor in the Formation of Muscovy’s Political Culture’, in R. Amitai and M. Biran (eds) Nomads as agents of cultural change: the Mongols and their Eurasian predecessors. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, pp. 252–270. Available at: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3413788.

Vaughan, R. (1958) Matthew Paris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Vernadsky, G. (1953) The Mongols and Russia. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.

Vincent of Beauvais (2011) Speculum historiale (Excerpta) [electronic resource]. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://clt.brepolis.net/eMGH/pages/TextSearch.aspx?key=M_CRX__OEK.

Voegelin, E. (1941) ‘The Mongol orders of submission to European powers, 1245–1255’, Byzantion, 15, pp. 378–413.

Walter de Gruyter & Co (2015) Handbook of medieval culture: fundamental aspects and conditions of the European Middle Ages, Volume 1. Edited by A. Classen. Berlin: De Gruyter. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/179332.

Wardwell, A.E. (1999) ‘Panni Tartarici: Eastern Islamic Silks Woven with Gold and Silver (13th and 14th Centuries)’, in Islamic Art: Vol 3, pp. 95–173.

Watson, A.J. (2011) ‘Mongol inhospitality, or how to do more with less? Gift giving in William of Rubruck’s’, Journal of Medieval History, 37(1), pp. 90–101. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmedhist.2010.12.006.

Wiedemann, T.E.J. (1986) ‘Between man and beasts: barbarians in Amiantus Marcellinus’, in I.S. Moxon, J.D. Smart, and A.J. Woodman (eds) Past perspectives: studies in Greek and Roman historical writing : papers presented at a conference in Leeds, 6-8 April 1983. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 189–201.

William of Rubruck (1990) The mission of William of Rubruck: His journey to the court of the Great Khan Möngke 1253-1255. Edited by D. Morgan and P. Jackson. London: Hakluyt Society.

Wolfe, A.C. (2014) ‘Marco Polo: Factotum, Auditor. Language and Political Culture in the Mongol World Empire’, Literature Compass, 11(7), pp. 409–422. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12152.

Yule, H. and Cordier, H. (1913) Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China. New ed. London: Printed for the Hakluyt society.

Yule, H. and Odorico (2002a) The travels of Friar Odoric. Grand Rapids, Mich: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.

Yule, H. and Odorico (2002b) The travels of Friar Odoric. Grand Rapids, Mich: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.

Zatko, J.J. (1957) ‘The Union of Suzdal, 1222–1252’, The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 8(01), pp. 33–52. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022046900068901.

Zerjal, T. et al. (2003) ‘The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols’, The American Journal of Human Genetics, 72(3), pp. 717–721. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/367774.