Bibliography for Politics, Communication and Democracy BETA

@article{Aaldering_Van Der Pas_2018, title={Political Leadership in the Media: Gender Bias in Leader Stereotypes during Campaign and Routine Times}, DOI={10.1017/S0007123417000795}, journal={British Journal of Political Science}, author={Aaldering, Loes and Van Der Pas, Daphne Joanna}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={1–21} }

@article{Aday_Devitt_2001, title={Style over Substance: Newspaper Coverage of Elizabeth Dole’s Presidential Bid}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1177/108118001129172134}, number={2}, journal={Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Aday, Sean and Devitt, James}, year={2001}, month={Mar}, pages={52–73} }

@article{Aday_Livingston_2008, title={Taking the state out of state—media relations theory: how transnational advocacy networks are changing the press—state dynamic}, volume={1}, DOI={10.1177/1750635207087630}, number={1}, journal={Media, War & Conflict}, author={Aday, Sean and Livingston, Steven}, year={2008}, month={Apr}, pages={99–107} }

@article{Aday_Livingston_Hebert_2005, title={Embedding the Truth}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1177/1081180X05275727}, number={1}, journal={Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Aday, Sean and Livingston, Steven and Hebert, Maeve}, year={2005}, month={Jan}, pages={3–21} }

@article{Adcock_2010, title={The Politician, The Wife, The Citizen, and her Newspaper}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1080/14680771003672254}, number={2}, journal={Feminist Media Studies}, author={Adcock, Charlotte}, year={2010}, month={Jun}, pages={135–159} }

@book{Albertazzi_McDonnell_2008, address={Basingstoke}, title={Twenty-first century populism: the spectre of Western European democracy}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Albertazzi, Daniele and McDonnell, Duncan}, year={2008} }

@book{Alexander_2010, address={New York}, title={The performance of politics: Obama’s victory and the democratic struggle for power}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744466.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Alexander, Jeffrey C.}, year={2010} }

@book{Ananny_2019, address={Cambridge, Massachusetts}, title={Networked press freedom: creating infrastructures for a public right to hear}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037747.001.0001/upso-9780262037747}, publisher={The MIT Press}, author={Ananny, Mike}, year={2019} }

@article{Bachmann_Harp_Loke_2018, title={Covering Clinton (2010–2015): meaning-making strategies in US magazine covers}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1080/14680777.2017.1358204}, number={5}, journal={Feminist Media Studies}, author={Bachmann, Ingrid and Harp, Dustin and Loke, Jamie}, year={2018}, month={Sep}, pages={793–809} }

@book{Baldwin-Philippi_2015, address={New York}, title={Using technology, building democracy: digital campaigning and the construction of citizenship}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190231910.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Baldwin-Philippi, Jessica}, year={2015} }

@article{Baldwin-Philippi_2017, title={The Myths of Data-Driven Campaigning}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1080/10584609.2017.1372999}, number={4}, journal={Political Communication}, author={Baldwin-Philippi, Jessica}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={627–633} }

@article{Bauer_2015, title={Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates}, volume={36}, DOI={10.1111/pops.12186}, number={6}, journal={Political Psychology}, author={Bauer, Nichole M.}, year={2015}, month={Dec}, pages={691–708} }

@book{Beharrell_Hoggart_Glasgow Media Group_2010a, address={Abingdon}, title={Bad news: Volume 1}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Beharrell, Peter and Hoggart, Richard and Glasgow Media Group}, year={2010} }

@book{Beharrell_Hoggart_Glasgow Media Group_2010b, address={Abingdon}, title={Bad news: Volume 1}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Beharrell, Peter and Hoggart, Richard and Glasgow Media Group}, year={2010} }

@book{Beharrell_Hoggart_Glasgow Media Group_2010c, address={Abingdon}, title={Bad news: Volume 1}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Beharrell, Peter and Hoggart, Richard and Glasgow Media Group}, year={2010} }

@book{Beharrell_Hoggart_Glasgow Media Group_2010d, address={Abingdon}, title={Bad news: Volume 1}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Beharrell, Peter and Hoggart, Richard and Glasgow Media Group}, year={2010} }

@article{Bell_Entman_2011, title={The Media’s Role in America’s Exceptional Politics of Inequality}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1177/1940161211417334}, number={4}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Bell, Carole V. and Entman, Robert M.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={548–572} }

@article{Bell_2016, title={Who owns the news consumer: Social media platforms or publishers?}, url={https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/platforms_and_publishers_new_research_from_the_tow_center.php}, journal={Columbia Journalism Review}, author={Bell, Emily}, year={2016} }

@book{Benjamin R. Barber_1984, address={Berkeley}, title={Strong democracy: participatory politics for a new age}, publisher={University of California Press}, author={Benjamin R. Barber}, year={1984} }

@article{Bennett_1990, title={Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States}, volume={40}, DOI={10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02265.x}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Bennett, W. Lance}, year={1990}, month={Jun}, pages={103–127} }

@article{Bennett_Lawrence_Livingston_2006, title={None Dare Call It Torture: Indexing and the Limits of Press Independence in the Abu Ghraib Scandal}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00296.x}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Bennett, W. Lance and Lawrence, Regina G. and Livingston, Steven}, year={2006}, month={Sep}, pages={467–485} }

@article{Bennett_Livingston_2003, title={Editors’ Introduction: A Semi-Independent Press: Government Control and Journalistic Autonomy in the Political Construction of News}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1080/10584600390244086}, number={4}, journal={Political Communication}, author={Bennett, W. Lance and Livingston, Steven}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={359–362} }

@book{Bennett_Paletz_1994, address={Chicago, Ill}, title={Taken by storm: the media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Bennett, W. Lance and Paletz, David L.}, year={1994} }

@article{Bennett_Segerberg_Knüpfer_2018, title={The democratic interface: technology, political organization, and diverging patterns of electoral representation}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1080/1369118X.2017.1348533}, number={11}, journal={Information, Communication & Society}, author={Bennett, W. Lance and Segerberg, Alexandra and Knüpfer, Curd B.}, year={2018}, month={Nov}, pages={1655–1680} }

@book{Benson_2014, address={New York, NY}, title={Shaping immigration news: a French-American comparison}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Benson, Rodney}, year={2014} }

@article{Berry_2016, title={No alternative to austerity: how BBC broadcast news reported the deficit debate}, volume={38}, DOI={10.1177/0163443715620931}, number={6}, journal={Media, Culture & Society}, author={Berry, Mike}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={844–863} }

@misc{Blumler_2013, title={Guest contribution by Jay G. Blumler: "The Fourth Age of Political Communication”}, url={http://www.fgpk.de/en/2013/gastbeitrag-von-jay-g-blumler-the-fourth-age-of-political-communication-2/}, author={Blumler, Jay G.}, year={2013} }

@article{Boden_2017, title={In Search of Unbiased Reporting in Light of Brexit, Trump and Other Reporting Challenges in the UK and US - Shorenstein Center}, url={https://shorensteincenter.org/unbiased-reporting-brexit-trump-uk-us/}, author={Boden, H.}, year={2017} }

@article{Bos_Brants_2014, title={Populist rhetoric in politics and media: A longitudinal study of the Netherlands}, volume={29}, DOI={10.1177/0267323114545709}, number={6}, journal={European Journal of Communication}, author={Bos, Linda and Brants, Kees}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={703–719} }

@article{Bos_van der Brug_de Vreese_2011, title={How the Media Shape Perceptions of Right-Wing Populist Leaders}, volume={28}, DOI={10.1080/10584609.2011.564605}, number={2}, journal={Political Communication}, author={Bos, Linda and van der Brug, Wouter and de Vreese, Claes}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={182–206} }

@article{Boykoff_Boykoff_2007, title={Climate change and journalistic norms: A case-study of US mass-media coverage}, volume={38}, DOI={10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.01.008}, number={6}, journal={Geoforum}, author={Boykoff, Maxwell T. and Boykoff, Jules M.}, year={2007}, month={Nov}, pages={1190–1204} }

@article{Brady_2009, title={Mass Persuasion as a Means of Legitimation and China’s Popular Authoritarianism}, volume={53}, DOI={10.1177/0002764209338802}, number={3}, journal={American Behavioral Scientist}, author={Brady, Anne-Marie}, year={2009}, month={Nov}, pages={434–457} }

@article{Brady_2017, title={Plus ça change?: Media Control Under Xi Jinping}, volume={64}, DOI={10.1080/10758216.2016.1197779}, number={3–4}, journal={Problems of Post-Communism}, author={Brady, Anne-Marie}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={128–140} }

@book{Bucy_Holbert_2011, address={New York}, title={Sourcebook for political communication research: methods, measures, and analytical techniques}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Bucy, E. Page and Holbert, R. Lance}, year={2011} }

@book{C. Edwin Baker_2002, address={Cambridge}, title={Media, markets, and democracy}, volume={Series: Communication, society, and politics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={C. Edwin Baker}, year={2002} }

@book{C. H. de Vreese_2007, address={Basingstoke}, title={The dynamics of referendum campaigns: an international perspective}, url={http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780230591189}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={C. H. de Vreese}, year={2007} }

@book{C. H. de Vreese_Holli A. Semetko_2004, address={London}, title={Political campaigning in referendums: framing the referendum issue}, volume={Series: Routledge research in political communication}, publisher={Routledge}, author={C. H. de Vreese and Holli A. Semetko}, year={2004} }

@book{Calhoun_1992, address={Cambridge, Mass}, title={Habermas and the public sphere}, publisher={MIT Press}, author={Calhoun, Craig J.}, year={1992} }

@book{Campus_2013, address={Basingstoke}, title={Women political leaders and the media}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9781137295545}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Campus, Donatella}, year={2013} }

@article{Carragee_Roefs_2004, title={The Neglect of Power in Recent Framing Research}, volume={54}, DOI={10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02625.x}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Carragee, Kevin M. and Roefs, Wim}, year={2004}, month={Jun}, pages={214–233} }

@article{Carroll_2009, title={Reflections on Gender and Hillary Clinton’s Presidential Campaign: The Good, the Bad, and the Misogynic}, volume={5}, DOI={10.1017/S1743923X09000014}, number={01}, journal={Politics & Gender}, author={Carroll, Susan J.}, year={2009}, month={Mar} }

@book{Chadwick_2017, address={New York}, edition={Second edition}, title={**The hybrid media system: politics and power}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Chadwick, Andrew}, year={2017} }

@book{Chadwick_Howard_Dawson Books_2010, address={London}, title={Routledge handbook of internet politics}, url={http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780203962541}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Chadwick, Andrew and Howard, Philip N. and Dawson Books}, year={2010} }

@misc{Chen_Yang_2018, title={The Impact of Media Censorship: Evidence from a Field Experiment in China}, url={https://calendar.mit.edu/event/the_impact_of_media_censorship_evidence_from_a_field_experiment_in_china#.XDN7q2ngqUk}, author={Chen, Y. and Yang, D. Y.}, year={2018} }

@article{Chong_Druckman_2007, title={Framing Theory}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054}, number={1}, journal={Annual Review of Political Science}, author={Chong, Dennis and Druckman, James N.}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={103–126} }

@article{Ciboh_2017, title={Journalists and Political Sources in Nigeria}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1177/1940161216681164}, number={2}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Ciboh, Rodney}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={185–201} }

@book{Cook_2005, address={Chicago}, edition={2nd ed}, title={Governing with the news: the news media as a political institution}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Cook, Timothy E.}, year={2005} }

@article{Craig_Rippere_2016, title={He Said, She Said: The Impact of Candidate Gender in Negative Campaigns}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1017/S1743923X15000550}, number={02}, journal={Politics & Gender}, author={Craig, Stephen C. and Rippere, Paulina S.}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={391–414} }

@article{Creemers_2017, title={Cyber China: Upgrading Propaganda, Public Opinion Work and Social Management for the Twenty-First Century}, volume={26}, DOI={10.1080/10670564.2016.1206281}, number={103}, journal={Journal of Contemporary China}, author={Creemers, Rogier}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={85–100} }

@book{Curran_2002a, address={London}, title={Media and power}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203417744}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Curran, James}, year={2002} }

@book{Curran_2002b, address={London}, title={Media and power}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203417744}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Curran, James}, year={2002} }

@book{Curran_Taylor & Francis Group_2002, address={London}, title={Media and power}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203417744}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Curran, James and Taylor & Francis Group}, year={2002} }

@article{D. C. Mutz_L. Young_2011, title={Communication and Public Opinion: Plus Ca Change?}, volume={75}, DOI={10.1093/poq/nfr052}, number={5}, journal={Public Opinion Quarterly}, author={D. C. Mutz and L. Young}, year={2011}, month={Dec}, pages={1018–1044} }

@article{D. Stockmann_M. E. Gallagher_2011, title={Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China}, volume={44}, DOI={10.1177/0010414010394773}, number={4}, journal={Comparative Political Studies}, author={D. Stockmann and M. E. Gallagher}, year={2011}, month={Apr}, pages={436–467} }

@book{D. T. Denver_2012, address={Basingstoke}, edition={3rd ed}, title={Elections and voters in Britain}, volume={Series: Contemporary Political Studies}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={D. T. Denver}, year={2012} }

@book{Daniel C. Hallin_Paolo Mancini_2012, address={Cambridge}, title={Comparing media systems beyond the western world}, volume={Series: Communication, society and politics}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini}, year={2012} }

@book{David Held_1996, address={Oxford}, edition={2nd ed}, title={Models of democracy}, publisher={Polity}, author={David Held}, year={1996} }

@book{David Tewksbury_Jason Rittenberg_2012, address={Oxford}, title={News on the internet: information and citizenship in the 21st century}, volume={Series: Oxford studies in digital politics}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={David Tewksbury and Jason Rittenberg}, year={2012} }

@book{Dawson Books_2017, address={New York, NY}, title={Populist political communication in Europe}, volume={1}, url={https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781315623016}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Dawson Books}, editor={Aalberg, Toril and Esser, Frank and Strömbäck, Jesper and Vreese, C. H. de}, year={2017} }

@article{Dekker_Scholten_2017, title={Framing the Immigration Policy Agenda}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1177/1940161216688323}, number={2}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Dekker, Rianne and Scholten, Peter}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={202–222} }

@book{Denis McQuail_1992, address={London}, title={Media performance: mass communication and the public interest}, publisher={Sage Publications}, author={Denis McQuail}, year={1992} }

@book{Diana Carole Mutz_1998, address={Cambridge}, title={Impersonal influence: how perceptions of mass collectives affect political attitudes}, volume={Series: Cambridge studies in political psychology and public opinion}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Diana Carole Mutz}, year={1998} }

@article{Dimitrov_2017, title={The Political Logic of Media Control in China}, volume={64}, DOI={10.1080/10758216.2017.1318346}, number={3–4}, journal={Problems of Post-Communism}, author={Dimitrov, Martin K.}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={121–127} }

@article{Dimitrova_Matthes_2018, title={Social Media in Political Campaigning Around the World: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges}, volume={95}, DOI={10.1177/1077699018770437}, number={2}, journal={Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly}, author={Dimitrova, Daniela V. and Matthes, Jörg}, year={2018}, month={Jun}, pages={333–342} }

@article{Dommett_Temple_2018, title={Digital Campaigning: The Rise of Facebook and Satellite Campaigns}, volume={71}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsx056}, number={suppl_1}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Dommett, Katharine and Temple, Luke}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={189–202} }

@book{Doris A. Graber_2011, address={Washington, DC}, edition={6th ed}, title={Media power in politics}, publisher={CQ Press}, author={Doris A. Graber}, year={2011} }

@article{Downs_2012, title={There Goes the Neighbourhood? The ‘Americanisation’ of Elections, with Evidence from Scotland’s Parliament}, volume={65}, DOI={10.1093/pa/gsr034}, number={4}, journal={Parliamentary Affairs}, author={Downs, W. M.}, year={2012}, month={Oct}, pages={758–777} }

@article{Dunaway_Lawrence_Rose_Weber_2013, title={Traits versus Issues}, volume={66}, DOI={10.1177/1065912913491464}, number={3}, journal={Political Research Quarterly}, author={Dunaway, Johanna and Lawrence, Regina G. and Rose, Melody and Weber, Christopher R.}, year={2013}, month={Sep}, pages={715–726} }

@book{Ebooks Corporation Limited_2016, address={Philadelphia}, title={The Internet, social media, and a changing China}, url={http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=4540252}, publisher={University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Ebooks Corporation Limited}, editor={deLisle, Jacques and Goldstein, Avery and Yang, Guobin}, year={2016} }

@article{Egorov_Guriev_Sonin_2009, title={Why Resource-poor Dictators Allow Freer Media: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data}, volume={103}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27798530}, number={4}, journal={The American Political Science Review}, author={Egorov, Georgy and Guriev, Sergei and Sonin, Konstantin}, year={2009}, pages={645–668} }

@article{Elena Block_2017, title={The Populist Communication Style: Toward a Critical Framework}, volume={11}, url={https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5820}, journal={International Journal of Communication}, author={Elena Block}, year={2017} }

@article{Elmelund-Præstekær_Wien_2008, title={What’s the Fuss About? The Interplay of Media Hypes and Politics}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1177/1940161208319292}, number={3}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Elmelund-Præstekær, Christian and Wien, Charlotte}, year={2008}, month={Jul}, pages={247–266} }

@article{Enli_2017, title={Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election}, volume={32}, DOI={10.1177/0267323116682802}, number={1}, journal={European Journal of Communication}, author={Enli, Gunn}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={50–61} }

@article{Entman_1993, title={Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm}, volume={43}, DOI={10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Entman, Robert M.}, year={1993}, month={Dec}, pages={51–58} }

@article{Entman_2003, title={Cascading Activation: Contesting the White House’s Frame After 9/11}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1080/10584600390244176}, number={4}, journal={Political Communication}, author={Entman, Robert M.}, year={2003}, month={Oct}, pages={415–432} }

@article{Entman_2007, title={Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power}, volume={57}, DOI={10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Entman, Robert M.}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={163–173} }

@article{Entman_Usher_2018, title={Framing in a Fractured Democracy: Impacts of Digital Technology on Ideology, Power and Cascading Network Activation}, volume={68}, DOI={10.1093/joc/jqx019}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Entman, Robert M and Usher, Nikki}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={298–308} }

@article{Ernst_Esser_Blassnig_Engesser_2018, title={Favorable Opportunity Structures for Populist Communication: Comparing Different Types of Politicians and Issues in Social Media, Television and the Press}, DOI={10.1177/1940161218819430}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Ernst, Nicole and Esser, Frank and Blassnig, Sina and Engesser, Sven}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }

@article{Escobar-Lemmon_Hoekstra_Kang_Kittilson_2016, title={Just the Facts? Media Coverage of Female and Male High Court Appointees in Five Democracies}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1017/S1743923X16000234}, number={02}, journal={Politics & Gender}, author={Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C. and Hoekstra, Valerie and Kang, Alice and Kittilson, Miki Caul}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={254–274} }

@book{Esser_Pfetsch_2004, address={Cambridge}, title={Comparing political communication: theories, cases, and challenges}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Esser, Frank and Pfetsch, Barbara}, year={2004} }

@article{Fahey_2007, title={French and Feminine: Hegemonic Masculinity and the Emasculation of John Kerry in the 2004 Presidential Race}, volume={24}, DOI={10.1080/07393180701262743}, number={2}, journal={Critical Studies in Media Communication}, author={Fahey, Anna Cornelia}, year={2007}, month={Jun}, pages={132–150} }

@article{Faris_Roberts_Etling_Bourassa_Zuckerman_Benkler_2017, title={Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election}, url={https://cyber.harvard.edu/publications/2017/08/mediacloud}, publisher={Berkman Klein Center}, author={Faris, Robert M. and Roberts, Hal and Etling, Bruce and Bourassa, Nikki and Zuckerman, Ethan and Benkler, Yochai}, year={2017} }

@book{Fred S. Siebert_Theodore Peterson_Wilbur Schramm_1984, address={Chicago, Ill}, title={Four theories of the press}, publisher={University of Illinois Press}, author={Fred S. Siebert and Theodore Peterson and Wilbur Schramm}, year={1984} }

@article{Freelon_Karpf_2015, title={Of big birds and bayonets: hybrid Twitter interactivity in the 2012 Presidential debates}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1080/1369118X.2014.952659}, number={4}, journal={Information, Communication & Society}, author={Freelon, Deen and Karpf, David}, year={2015}, month={Apr}, pages={390–406} }

@article{Gamson_Ryan_2005, title={Thinking about Elephants. Toward a Dialogue with George Lakoff}, url={http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v19n2/gamson_elephants.html}, journal={Public Eye Magazine}, author={Gamson, W. and Ryan, C.}, year={2005} }

@article{Gamson_Croteau_Hoynes_Sasson_1992, title={Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality}, volume={18}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083459}, journal={Annual Review of Sociology}, publisher={Annual Reviews}, author={Gamson, William A. and Croteau, David and Hoynes, William and Sasson, Theodore}, year={1992} }

@article{Gamson_Modigliani_1989, title={Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach}, volume={95}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2780405}, number={1}, journal={American Journal of Sociology}, publisher={The University of Chicago Press}, author={Gamson, William A. and Modigliani, Andre}, year={1989} }

@article{Garcia-Blanco_Wahl-Jorgensen_2012, title={The Discursive Construction of Women Politicians in the European Press}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1080/14680777.2011.615636}, number={3}, journal={Feminist Media Studies}, author={Garcia-Blanco, Iñaki and Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin}, year={2012}, month={Sep}, pages={422–441} }

@article{Gibson_McAllister_2015, title={Normalising or equalising party competition? Assessing the impact of the web on election campaigning}, volume={63}, DOI={10.1111/1467-9248.12107}, number={3}, journal={Political Studies}, author={Gibson, Rachel K. and McAllister, Ian}, year={2015}, month={Aug}, pages={529–547} }

@article{Gilboa_2005, title={The CNN Effect: The Search for a Communication Theory of International Relations}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1080/10584600590908429}, number={1}, journal={Political Communication}, author={Gilboa, Eytan}, year={2005}, month={Feb}, pages={27–44} }

@book{Goffman_1986, address={Boston}, edition={Northeastern University Press ed}, title={Frame analysis: an essay on the organization of experience}, publisher={Northeastern University Press}, author={Goffman, Erving}, year={1986} }

@article{Graber, Doris_2003, title={THE MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY: Beyond Myths and Stereotypes.}, volume={6}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=10609378&site=ehost-live}, number={1}, journal={Annual Review of Political Science.}, author={Graber, Doris}, year={2003}, pages={139–160} }

@article{Grasseger_Krogerus_2017, title={The Data That Turned the World Upside Down}, url={https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/mg9vvn/how-our-likes-helped-trump-win}, journal={Motherboard}, author={Grasseger, Hannes and Krogerus, Mikael}, year={2017} }

@article{Guriev_Treisma_2015, title={How Modern Dictators Survive: Cooptation, Censorship, Propaganda, and Repression}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://cepr.org/active/publications/discussion_papers/dp.php?dpno=10454}, journal={CEPR discussion papers}, author={Guriev, S. and Treisma, D.}, year={2015} }

@article{Hackett_1984, title={Decline of a paradigm? Bias and objectivity in news media studies}, volume={1}, DOI={10.1080/15295038409360036}, number={3}, journal={Critical Studies in Mass Communication}, author={Hackett, Robert A.}, year={1984}, month={Sep}, pages={229–259} }

@book{Hallin_Mancini_2012, address={Cambridge}, title={Comparing media systems beyond the western world}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Hallin, Daniel C. and Mancini, Paolo}, year={2012} }

@article{Harp_Loke_Bachmann_2016, title={Hillary Clinton’s Benghazi Hearing Coverage: Political Competence, Authenticity, and the Persistence of the Double Bind}, volume={39}, DOI={10.1080/07491409.2016.1171267}, number={2}, journal={Women’s Studies in Communication}, author={Harp, Dustin and Loke, Jaime and Bachmann, Ingrid}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={193–210} }

@article{Hassid_2012, title={Safety Valve or Pressure Cooker? Blogs in Chinese Political Life}, volume={62}, DOI={10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01634.x}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Hassid, Jonathan}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={212–230} }

@article{Hayes_Lawless_2015, title={A Non-Gendered Lens? Media, Voters, and Female Candidates in Contemporary Congressional Elections}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1017/S1537592714003156}, number={01}, journal={Perspectives on Politics}, author={Hayes, Danny and Lawless, Jennifer L.}, year={2015}, month={Mar}, pages={95–118} }

@book{Hayes_Lawless_2016, address={New York NY}, title={Women on the run: gender, media, and political campaigns in a polarized era}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Hayes, Danny and Lawless, Jennifer L.}, year={2016} }

@article{Heflick_Goldenberg_2009, title={Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that objectification causes women to be perceived as less competent and less fully human}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.008}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Experimental Social Psychology}, author={Heflick, Nathan A. and Goldenberg, Jamie L.}, year={2009}, month={May}, pages={598–601} }

@article{Heflick_Goldenberg_Cooper_Puvia_2011, title={From women to objects: Appearance focus, target gender, and perceptions of warmth, morality and competence}, volume={47}, DOI={10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.020}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Experimental Social Psychology}, author={Heflick, Nathan A. and Goldenberg, Jamie L. and Cooper, Douglas P. and Puvia, Elisa}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={572–581} }

@article{Heinz Brandenburg_Marcel Van Egmond_2012, title={Pressed into Party Support? Media Influence on Partisan Attitudes during the 2005 UK General Election Campaign}, volume={42}, DOI={10.1017/S0007123411000445}, number={02}, journal={British Journal of Political Science}, author={Heinz Brandenburg and Marcel Van Egmond}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={441–463} }

@article{Higgins_McKay_2016, title={Gender and the development of a political persona: The case of Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon}, volume={11}, DOI={10.1057/bp.2015.44}, number={3}, journal={British Politics}, author={Higgins, Michael and McKay, Fiona M}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={283–300} }

@article{HOBBS_ROBERTS_2018, title={How Sudden Censorship Can Increase Access to Information}, volume={112}, DOI={10.1017/S0003055418000084}, number={03}, journal={American Political Science Review}, author={HOBBS, WILLIAM R. and ROBERTS, MARGARET E.}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={621–636} }

@book{Holtz-Bacha_Just_2017a, address={New York, NY}, title={Routledge handbook of political advertising}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315694504}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Holtz-Bacha, Christina and Just, Marion R.}, year={2017} }

@book{Holtz-Bacha_Just_2017b, address={New York, NY}, title={Routledge handbook of political advertising}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315694504}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Holtz-Bacha, Christina and Just, Marion R.}, year={2017} }

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@article{Inglehart_Norris_2016, title={Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash}, DOI={10.2139/ssrn.2818659}, journal={SSRN Electronic Journal}, author={Inglehart, Ronald and Norris, Pippa}, year={2016} }

@book{Issenberg_2013, address={New York}, edition={First paperback edition}, title={The victory lab: the secret science of winning campaigns}, publisher={B/D/W/Y, Broadway Books}, author={Issenberg, Sasha}, year={2013} }

@book{Iyengar_Kinder_2010, address={Chicago}, edition={Updated ed}, title={News that matters: television and American opinion}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Iyengar, Shanto and Kinder, Donald R.}, year={2010} }

@book{Iyengar_Reeves_1997, address={Thousand Oaks, Calif}, title={Do the media govern?: politicians, voters, and reporters in America}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Iyengar, Shanto and Reeves, Richard}, year={1997} }

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@article{Jensen_Bang_2017, title={Populism and Connectivism: An Analysis of the Sanders and Trump Nomination Campaigns}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1080/15377857.2017.1345846}, number={3–4}, journal={Journal of Political Marketing}, author={Jensen, Michael J. and Bang, Henrik P.}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={343–364} }

@article{Jesper Strömbäck_2005, title={In Search of a Standard: four models of democracy and their normative implications for journalism}, volume={6}, DOI={10.1080/14616700500131950}, number={3}, journal={Journalism Studies}, author={Jesper Strömbäck}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={331–345} }

@book{John Street_2001, address={Basingstoke}, title={Mass media, politics, and democracy}, publisher={Palgrave}, author={John Street}, year={2001} }

@book{John Street_2011, address={Basingstoke}, edition={2nd ed}, title={Mass media, politics and democracy}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={John Street}, year={2011} }

@article{JOHN ZALLER_2003, title={A New Standard of News Quality: Burglar Alarms for the Monitorial Citizen}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1080/10584600390211136}, number={2}, journal={Political Communication}, author={JOHN ZALLER}, year={2003}, month={Apr}, pages={109–130} }

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@book{Kahn_1996, address={New York}, title={The political consequences of being a woman: how stereotypes influence the conduct and consequences of political campaigns}, publisher={Columbia University Press}, author={Kahn, Kim Fridkin}, year={1996} }

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@book{Karpf_2016, address={New York, NY}, title={Analytic activism: digital listening and the new political strategy}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190266127.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Karpf, David}, year={2016} }

@article{Karpf_2017, title={Digital politics after Trump}, volume={41}, DOI={10.1080/23808985.2017.1316675}, number={2}, journal={Annals of the International Communication Association}, author={Karpf, David}, year={2017}, month={Apr}, pages={198–207} }

@book{Kathleen Hall Jamieson_2000, address={New York}, title={Everything you think you know about politics-- and why you’re wrong}, publisher={Basic Books}, author={Kathleen Hall Jamieson}, year={2000} }

@article{Kavada_2018, title={Editorial: media and the ‘populist moment’}, volume={40}, DOI={10.1177/0163443718772144}, number={5}, journal={Media, Culture & Society}, author={Kavada, Anastasia}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={742–744} }

@book{Kennamer_1994, address={Westport, Conn}, edition={Paperback ed}, title={Public opinion, the press, and public policy}, publisher={Praeger}, author={Kennamer, J. David}, year={1994} }

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@article{King_Pan_Roberts_2013, title={How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression}, volume={107}, DOI={10.1017/S0003055413000014}, number={02}, journal={American Political Science Review}, author={King, Gary and Pan, Jennifer and Roberts, Margaret E.}, year={2013}, month={May}, pages={326–343} }

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@book{Koch-Baumgarten_Voltmer_2010a, address={London}, title={Public policy and mass media: the interplay of mass communication and political decision making}, volume={66}, url={http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=257161&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth}, publisher={Routledge/ECPR}, author={Koch-Baumgarten, Sigrid and Voltmer, Katrin}, year={2010} }

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@book{Kreiss_2012, address={New York}, title={Taking our country back: the crafting of networked politics from Howard Dean to Barack Obama}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199782536.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Kreiss, Daniel}, year={2012} }

@book{Kreiss_2016a, address={New York, NY}, title={Prototype politics: technology-intense campaigning and the data of democracy}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199350247.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Kreiss, Daniel}, year={2016} }

@article{Kreiss_2016b, title={Seizing the moment: The presidential campaigns’ use of Twitter during the 2012 electoral cycle}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1177/1461444814562445}, number={8}, journal={New Media & Society}, author={Kreiss, Daniel}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={1473–1490} }

@article{Kreiss_2017, title={Trump, Breitbart, and the Rejection of Multicultural Democracy – Medium}, url={https://medium.com/@dkreiss/trump-breitbart-and-the-rejection-of-multicultural-democracy-90f3f776bebd}, author={Kreiss, Daniel}, year={2017} }

@article{Kreiss_McGregor_2018, title={Technology firms shape political communication: The work of Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, and Google with campaigns during the 2016 US presidential cycle}, volume={35}, DOI={10.1080/10584609.2017.1364814}, number={2}, journal={Political Communication}, author={Kreiss, Daniel and McGregor, Shannon C.}, year={2018}, month={Apr}, pages={155–177} }

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@book{Lawrence_Rose_2010, address={Boulder, Colo}, title={Hillary Clinton’s race for the White House: gender politics and the media on the campaign trail}, publisher={Lynne Rienner Publishers}, author={Lawrence, Regina G. and Rose, Melody}, year={2010} }

@book{Lilleker_Jackson_2011, address={London}, title={Political campaigning, elections and the internet: comparing the US, UK, France and Germany}, volume={4}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Lilleker, Darren G. and Jackson, Nigel A.}, year={2011} }

@article{Lilleker_Tenscher_Štětka_2015, title={Towards hypermedia campaigning? Perceptions of new media’s importance for campaigning by party strategists in comparative perspective}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1080/1369118X.2014.993679}, number={7}, journal={Information, Communication & Society}, author={Lilleker, Darren G. and Tenscher, Jens and Štětka, Václav}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={747–765} }

@misc{Livingston_1997, title={Clarifying the CNN Effect: An Examination of Media Effects According to Type of Military Intervention - Shorenstein Center}, volume={Research Paper R-18}, url={https://shorensteincenter.org/clarifying-the-cnn-effect-media-effects-and-military-intervention/}, publisher={The Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy}, author={Livingston, Steven}, year={1997} }

@article{Lundström_2013a, title={Framing fraud: Discourse on benefit cheating in Sweden and the UK}, volume={28}, DOI={10.1177/0267323113502737}, number={6}, journal={European Journal of Communication}, author={Lundström, Ragnar}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={630–645} }

@article{Lundström_2013b, title={Framing fraud: Discourse on benefit cheating in Sweden and the UK}, volume={28}, DOI={10.1177/0267323113502737}, number={6}, journal={European Journal of Communication}, author={Lundström, Ragnar}, year={2013}, month={Dec}, pages={630–645} }

@book{Lynda Lee Kaid_2004, address={Mahwah, N.J.}, title={Handbook of political communication research}, volume={Series: LEA’s communication series}, publisher={Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, author={Lynda Lee Kaid}, year={2004} }

@book{Lynn Vavreck_2009, address={Princeton, NJ}, title={The message matters: the economy and presidential campaigns}, url={http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781400830480}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Lynn Vavreck}, year={2009} }

@misc{2005a, title={Rethinking the Media’s Duties to Democracy: watchdog, information and representation}, url={https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-11/Journalism%20Democracy%20%26%20Public%20Interest.pdf}, author={M. Scammell}, year={2005} }

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@article{Magin_Podschuweit_Haßler_Russmann_2017a, title={Campaigning in the fourth age of political communication. A multi-method study on the use of Facebook by German and Austrian parties in the 2013 national election campaigns}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1080/1369118X.2016.1254269}, number={11}, journal={Information, Communication & Society}, author={Magin, Melanie and Podschuweit, Nicole and Haßler, Jörg and Russmann, Uta}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={1698–1719} }

@article{Magin_Podschuweit_Haßler_Russmann_2017b, title={Campaigning in the fourth age of political communication. A multi-method study on the use of Facebook by German and Austrian parties in the 2013 national election campaigns}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1080/1369118X.2016.1254269}, number={11}, journal={Information, Communication & Society}, author={Magin, Melanie and Podschuweit, Nicole and Haßler, Jörg and Russmann, Uta}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={1698–1719} }

@article{Magin_Podschuweit_Haßler_Russmann_2017c, title={Campaigning in the fourth age of political communication. A multi-method study on the use of Facebook by German and Austrian parties in the 2013 national election campaigns}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1080/1369118X.2016.1254269}, number={11}, journal={Information, Communication & Society}, author={Magin, Melanie and Podschuweit, Nicole and Haßler, Jörg and Russmann, Uta}, year={2017}, month={Nov}, pages={1698–1719} }

@article{March_2017, title={Left and right populism compared: The British case}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1177/1369148117701753}, number={2}, journal={The British Journal of Politics and International Relations}, author={March, Luke}, year={2017}, month={May}, pages={282–303} }

@article{Mark Rice-Oxley_2018, title={How to spot a populist}, url={https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/dec/03/what-is-populism-trump-farage-orban-bolsonaro}, journal={Guardian}, author={Mark Rice-Oxley}, year={2018}, month={Dec} }

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@book{Mazzoleni_Stewart_Horsfield_2003, address={Westport, Conn}, title={The media and neo-populism: a contemporary comparative analysis}, publisher={Praeger}, author={Mazzoleni, Gianpietro and Stewart, Julianne and Horsfield, Bruce}, year={2003} }

@article{McGregor_Lawrence_Cardona_2017, title={Personalization, gender, and social media: gubernatorial candidates’ social media strategies}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1080/1369118X.2016.1167228}, number={2}, journal={Information, Communication & Society}, author={McGregor, Shannon C. and Lawrence, Regina G. and Cardona, Arielle}, year={2017}, month={Feb}, pages={264–283} }

@book{McQuail_1992, address={London}, title={Media performance: mass communication and the public interest}, url={https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=34349f5a-ef40-e911-80cd-005056af4099}, publisher={Sage Publications}, author={McQuail, Denis}, year={1992} }

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@article{Meeks_2017, title={Getting Personal: Effects of Twitter Personalization on Candidate Evaluations}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1017/S1743923X16000696}, number={01}, journal={Politics & Gender}, author={Meeks, Lindsey}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={1–25} }

@article{Melenhorst_2015, title={The Media’s Role in Lawmaking}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1177/1940161215581924}, number={3}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Melenhorst, Lotte}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={297–316} }

@book{Meng_SpringerLink (Online service)_2018, address={New York}, title={The Politics of Chinese Media: Consensus and Contestation}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46214-5}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan US}, author={Meng, Bingchun and SpringerLink (Online service)}, year={2018} }

@book{Michael Schudson_1995, address={Cambridge, Mass}, title={The power of news}, publisher={Harvard University Press}, author={Michael Schudson}, year={1995} }

@misc{Miller_Gallagher_2016, title={Astroturfing in China: Three Case Studies}, url={http://blakeapm.com/}, author={Miller, B. A. and Gallagher, M.}, year={2016} }

@article{Miller_1993, title={Official sources and `primary definition’: the case of Northern Ireland}, volume={15}, DOI={10.1177/016344393015003004}, number={3}, journal={Media, Culture & Society}, author={Miller, David}, year={1993}, month={Jul}, pages={385–406} }

@article{Miller_Peake_2013, title={Press Effects, Public Opinion, and Gender}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1177/1940161213495456}, number={4}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Miller, Melissa K. and Peake, Jeffrey S.}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={482–507} }

@book{Milne_2005, title={Manufacturing dissent : single-issue protest, the public and the press}, url={https://www.demos.co.uk/files/manufacturingdissent.pdf}, publisher={Demos}, author={Milne, Kirsty}, year={2005} }

@article{Moffitt_Tormey_2014, title={Rethinking Populism: Politics, Mediatisation and Political Style}, volume={62}, DOI={10.1111/1467-9248.12032}, number={2}, journal={Political Studies}, author={Moffitt, Benjamin and Tormey, Simon}, year={2014}, month={Jun}, pages={381–397} }

@book{Morozov_2011, address={London}, title={The net delusion: how not to liberate the world}, publisher={Allen Lane}, author={Morozov, Evgeny}, year={2011} }

@article{Mudde_2004, title={The Populist Zeitgeist}, volume={39}, DOI={10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x}, number={4}, journal={Government and Opposition}, author={Mudde, Cas}, year={2004}, month={Sep}, pages={542–563} }

@book{Mudde_Rovira Kaltwasser_2012, address={Cambridge}, title={Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat or Corrective for Democracy?}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139152365}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Mudde, Cas and Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal}, year={2012} }

@book{Mudde_Rovira Kaltwasser_2017, address={New York}, title={Populism: a very short introduction}, volume={510}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Mudde, Cas and Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal}, year={2017} }

@book{Müller_2016, address={Philadelphia}, title={What is populism?}, publisher={University of Pennsylvania Press}, author={Müller, Jan-Werner}, year={2016} }

@article{Murphy_Devine_2018, title={Does Media Coverage Drive Public Support for UKIP or Does Public Support for UKIP Drive Media Coverage?}, DOI={10.1017/S0007123418000145}, journal={British Journal of Political Science}, author={Murphy, Justin and Devine, Daniel}, year={2018}, month={Jul}, pages={1–18} }

@book{Murray_2010, address={Santa Barbara, Calif}, title={Cracking the highest glass ceiling: a global comparison of women’s campaigns for executive office}, url={https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780313382499}, publisher={Praeger Publishers}, author={Murray, Rainbow}, year={2010} }

@article{Nechushtai_2018, title={Could digital platforms capture the media through infrastructure?}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1177/1464884917725163}, number={8}, journal={Journalism}, author={Nechushtai, Efrat}, year={2018}, month={Aug}, pages={1043–1058} }

@article{Neilsen_2018, title={The Power of Platforms. Inaugural Lecture, Oxford University}, url={https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/risj-review/lecture-power-platforms}, author={Neilsen, R. K.}, year={2018} }

@article{NEWTON_2006, title={May the weak force be with you: The power of the mass media in modern politics}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00296.x}, number={2}, journal={European Journal of Political Research}, author={NEWTON, KENNETH}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={209–234} }

@book{Nielsen_2012, address={Princeton, N.J.}, title={Ground wars: personalized communication in political campaigns}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis}, year={2012} }

@article{Nielsen_2014, title={Varieties of Online Gatekeeping}, DOI={10.2139/ssrn.2675055}, journal={SSRN Electronic Journal}, author={Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis}, year={2014} }

@article{Nielsen_2017, title={The One Thing Journalism Just Might do for Democracy}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1080/1461670X.2017.1338152}, number={10}, journal={Journalism Studies}, author={Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={1251–1262} }

@book{Norris_2000, address={Cambridge}, title={A virtuous circle: political communications in postindustrial societies}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Norris, Pippa}, year={2000} }

@article{Oliver_Rahn_2016, title={Rise of the}, volume={667}, DOI={10.1177/0002716216662639}, number={1}, journal={The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science}, author={Oliver, J. Eric and Rahn, Wendy M.}, year={2016}, month={Sep}, pages={189–206} }

@book{Page_Shapiro_1992, address={Chicago}, title={The rational public: fifty years of trends in Americans’ policy preferences}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Page, Benjamin I. and Shapiro, Robert Y.}, year={1992} }

@article{Pan_Kosicki_1993, title={Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963}, number={1}, journal={Political Communication}, author={Pan, Zhongdang and Kosicki, Gerald}, year={1993}, pages={55–75} }

@article{Patterson_2016, title={Pre-Primary News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Race: Trump’s Rise, Sanders’ Emergence, Clinton’s Struggle - Shorenstein Centre on Media, Politics and Public Policy}, url={https://shorensteincenter.org/pre-primary-news-coverage-2016-trump-clinton-sanders}, author={Patterson, Thomas E.}, year={2016} }

@book{Paul Felix Lazarsfeld_Bernard Berelson_Hazel Gaudet_1965, address={New York}, edition={3d ed}, title={The people’s choice: how the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign}, publisher={Columbia University Press}, author={Paul Felix Lazarsfeld and Bernard Berelson and Hazel Gaudet}, year={1965} }

@book{Paul Manning_2001, address={London}, title={News and news sources: a critical introduction}, publisher={SAGE}, author={Paul Manning}, year={2001} }

@article{Pauwels_2011, title={Measuring Populism: A Quantitative Text Analysis of Party Literature in Belgium}, volume={21}, DOI={10.1080/17457289.2011.539483}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties}, author={Pauwels, Teun}, year={2011}, month={Feb}, pages={97–119} }

@article{Pearce_Kendzior_2012, title={Networked Authoritarianism and Social Media in Azerbaijan}, volume={62}, DOI={10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01633.x}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Pearce, Katy E. and Kendzior, Sarah}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={283–298} }

@article{Peidong_2018, title={‘Positive Energy’: Hegemonic Intervention and Online Media Discourse in China’s Xi Jinping Era}, volume={16}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/688045}, number={1}, journal={China: An International Journal}, publisher={NUS Press Pte Ltd}, author={Peidong, Yang}, year={2018}, pages={1–22} }

@article{Penney_2017, title={Social Media and Citizen Participation in "Official” and "Unofficial” Electoral Promotion: A Structural Analysis of the 2016 Bernie Sanders Digital Campaign}, volume={67}, DOI={10.1111/jcom.12300}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Penney, Joel}, year={2017}, month={Jun}, pages={402–423} }

@book{Perloff_2018, address={New York, NY}, edition={Second edition}, title={The dynamics of political communication: media and politics in a digital age}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5108778}, publisher={Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group}, author={Perloff, Richard M.}, year={2018} }

@book{Perloff_Ebooks Corporation Limited_2014, address={New York}, title={The dynamics of political communication: media and politics in a digital age}, url={http://GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1575976}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Perloff, Richard M. and Ebooks Corporation Limited}, year={2014} }

@article{Perry_2005, title={Gender Difference in French PoliticalCommunication: From Handicap to Asset?}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1080/09639480500177773}, number={3}, journal={Modern & Contemporary France}, author={Perry, Sheila}, year={2005}, month={Aug}, pages={337–352} }

@article{Peter Lorentzen_2014, title={China’s Strategic Censorship}, volume={58}, DOI={10.1111/ajps.12065}, number={2}, journal={American Journal of Political Science}, author={Peter Lorentzen}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={402–414} }

@article{ title={The Modern News Consumer}, url={http://www.journalism.org/2016/07/07/the-modern-news-consumer/}, author={Pew Research Centre} }

@article{ title={Election 2016: Campaigns as a Direct Source of News}, url={http://www.journalism.org/topics/2016-election/}, author={Pew Research Centre} }

@article{ title={The Modern News Consumer}, url={http://www.journalism.org/2016/07/07/the-modern-news-consumer/}, author={Pew Research Centre} }

@article{Philo_Briant_Donald_2013a, title={The role of the press in the war on asylum}, volume={55}, DOI={10.1177/0306396813497873}, number={2}, journal={Race & Class}, author={Philo, Greg and Briant, Emma and Donald, Pauline}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={28–41} }

@article{Philo_Briant_Donald_2013b, title={The role of the press in the war on asylum}, volume={55}, DOI={10.1177/0306396813497873}, number={2}, journal={Race & Class}, author={Philo, Greg and Briant, Emma and Donald, Pauline}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={28–41} }

@book{Pippa Norris_1999, address={London}, title={On message: communicating the campaign}, publisher={Sage}, author={Pippa Norris}, year={1999} }

@book{ProQuest (Firm)_2018, address={Cambridge, Massachusetts}, title={Trump and the media}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880}, publisher={The MIT Press}, author={ProQuest (Firm)}, editor={Boczkowski, Pablo J. and Papacharissi, Zizi}, year={2018} }

@article{Qin_Strömberg_Wu_2017, title={Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda}, volume={31}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133953}, number={1}, journal={The Journal of Economic Perspectives}, publisher={American Economic Association}, author={Qin, Bei and Strömberg, David and Wu, Yanhui}, year={2017} }

@book{Reese_Gandy_Grant_2003, address={Mahwah, N.J.}, title={Framing public life: perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world}, publisher={Lawrence Erlbaum Associates}, author={Reese, Stephen D. and Gandy, Oscar H. and Grant, August E.}, year={2003} }

@book{Repnikova_2017a, address={Cambridge, United Kingdom}, title={Media politics in China: improvising power under authoritarianism}, publisher={University Printing House}, author={Repnikova, Maria}, year={2017} }

@article{Repnikova_2017b, title={Media Openings and Political Transitions:                              versus}, volume={64}, DOI={10.1080/10758216.2017.1307118}, number={3–4}, journal={Problems of Post-Communism}, author={Repnikova, Maria}, year={2017}, month={Jul}, pages={141–151} }

@article{Reuter_Szakonyi_2015, title={Online Social Media and Political Awareness in Authoritarian Regimes}, volume={45}, DOI={10.1017/S0007123413000203}, number={01}, journal={British Journal of Political Science}, author={Reuter, Ora John and Szakonyi, David}, year={2015}, month={Jan}, pages={29–51} }

@book{Robert Alan Dahl_1989, address={New Haven}, title={Democracy and its critics}, publisher={Yale University Press}, author={Robert Alan Dahl}, year={1989} }

@book{Roberts_2018, address={Princeton, New Jersey}, title={Censored: distraction and diversion inside China’s great firewall}, url={https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11341.html}, publisher={Princeton University Press}, author={Roberts, Margaret E.}, year={2018} }

@misc{Roberts_Stewart_2014, title={Localization and Coordination: How Propaganda and Censorship Converge in Chinese Newspapers - Working paper}, url={https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/~/media/Files/Research/fordcenter/text-as-data-2014/RobertsStewartPropaganda.ashx}, author={Roberts, Margaret E. and Stewart, Brandon M.}, year={2014} }

@article{Robinson_2001, title={Theorizing the Influence of Media on World Politics}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1177/0267323101016004005}, number={4}, journal={European Journal of Communication}, author={Robinson, Piers}, year={2001}, month={Dec}, pages={523–544} }

@book{Robinson_2002a, address={London}, title={The CNN effect: the myth of news foreign policy and intervention}, url={http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=10716&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Robinson, Piers}, year={2002} }

@book{Robinson_2002b, address={New York}, title={The CNN effect: the myth of news foreign policy and intervention}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Robinson, Piers}, year={2002} }

@article{Rød_Weidmann_2015, title={Empowering activists or autocrats? The Internet in authoritarian regimes}, volume={52}, DOI={10.1177/0022343314555782}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Peace Research}, author={Rød, Espen Geelmuyden and Weidmann, Nils B}, year={2015}, month={May}, pages={338–351} }

@article{Roggeband_Vliegenthart_2007, title={Divergent framing: The public debate on migration in the Dutch parliament and media, 1995–2004}, volume={30}, DOI={10.1080/01402380701276352}, number={3}, journal={West European Politics}, author={Roggeband, Conny and Vliegenthart, Rens}, year={2007}, month={May}, pages={524–548} }

@article{Rooduijn_2014, title={The Mesmerising Message: The Diffusion of Populism in Public Debates in Western European Media}, volume={62}, DOI={10.1111/1467-9248.12074}, number={4}, journal={Political Studies}, author={Rooduijn, Matthijs}, year={2014}, month={Dec}, pages={726–744} }

@article{Rooduijn_Pauwels_2011, title={Measuring Populism: Comparing Two Methods of Content Analysis}, volume={34}, DOI={10.1080/01402382.2011.616665}, number={6}, journal={West European Politics}, author={Rooduijn, Matthijs and Pauwels, Teun}, year={2011}, month={Nov}, pages={1272–1283} }

@article{Rose_Baumgartner_2013, title={Framing the Poor: Media Coverage and U.S. Poverty Policy, 1960-2008}, volume={41}, DOI={10.1111/psj.12001}, number={1}, journal={Policy Studies Journal}, author={Rose, Max and Baumgartner, Frank R.}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={22–53} }

@article{Ross_Comrie_2012, title={The rules of the (leadership) game: Gender, politics and news}, volume={13}, DOI={10.1177/1464884911433255}, number={8}, journal={Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism}, author={Ross, Karen and Comrie, Margie}, year={2012}, month={Nov}, pages={969–984} }

@book{Samuel L. Popkin_1991, address={Chicago}, edition={2nd ed}, title={The reasoning voter: communication and persuasion in presidential campaigns}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Samuel L. Popkin}, year={1991} }

@book{Scammell_2014, address={New York}, title={Consumer democracy: the marketing of politics}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139046107}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Scammell, Margaret}, year={2014} }

@article{Schnell_2001, title={Assessing the Democratic Debate: How the News Media Frame Elite Policy Discourse}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1080/105846001750322970}, number={2}, journal={Political Communication}, author={Schnell, Karen Callaghan, Frauke}, year={2001}, month={Apr}, pages={183–213} }

@article{Schuck_de Vreese_2008, title={Reversed Mobilization in Referendum Campaigns: How Positive News Framing Can Mobilize the Skeptics}, volume={14}, DOI={10.1177/1940161208326926}, number={1}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Schuck, A. R.T. and de Vreese, C. H.}, year={2008}, month={Nov}, pages={40–66} }

@book{Schudson_Dawson Books_2008, address={Cambridge}, title={Why democracies need an unlovable press}, url={http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780745675312}, publisher={Polity Press}, author={Schudson, Michael and Dawson Books}, year={2008} }

@article{Semetko_Boomgaarden_2007, title={Reporting Germany’s 2005 Bundestag Election Campaign: Was Gender an Issue?}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1177/1081180X07307383}, number={4}, journal={Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Semetko, Holli A. and Boomgaarden, Hajo G.}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={154–171} }

@book{Semetko_Scammell_2012, address={London}, title={The SAGE handbook of political communication}, publisher={SAGE}, author={Semetko, Holli A. and Scammell, Margaret}, year={2012} }

@article{Semetko_Valkenburg_2000a, title={Framing European politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News}, volume={50}, DOI={10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Semetko, Holli A. and Valkenburg, Patti M. Valkenburg}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={93–109} }

@article{Semetko_Valkenburg_2000b, title={Framing European politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News}, volume={50}, DOI={10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x}, number={2}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Semetko, Holli A. and Valkenburg, Patti M. Valkenburg}, year={2000}, month={Jun}, pages={93–109} }

@article{Sevenans_2018, title={One concept, many interpretations: the media’s causal roles in political agenda-setting processes}, volume={10}, DOI={10.1017/S1755773917000078}, number={02}, journal={European Political Science Review}, author={Sevenans, Julie}, year={2018}, month={May}, pages={245–265} }

@article{Shehata_2007, title={Facing the Muhammad Cartoons: Official Dominance and Event-Driven News in Swedish and American Elite Press}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1177/1081180X07307869}, number={4}, journal={Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Shehata, Adam}, year={2007}, month={Oct}, pages={131–153} }

@book{Sides_Farrell_2016, title={The Science of Trump: Explaining the Rise of an Unlikely Candidate}, url={https://www.amazon.co.uk/Science-Trump-Explaining-Unlikely-Candidate-ebook/dp/B01IL9DTG8}, publisher={The Monkey Cage}, author={Sides, John and Farrell, Henry}, year={2016} }

@book{Sloan_Quan-Haase_2016, address={Thousand Oaks, CA}, edition={First edition}, title={The Sage handbook of social media research methods}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://methods.sagepub.com/book/the-sage-handbook-of-social-media-research-methods}, publisher={SAGE Inc}, author={Sloan, Luke and Quan-Haase, Anabel}, year={2016} }

@article{Smith_Deacon_2018, title={Immigration and the British news media: Continuity or change?}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1111/soc4.12618}, number={9}, journal={Sociology Compass}, author={Smith, David and Deacon, David}, year={2018}, month={Sep} }

@article{Snow_Moffitt_2012, title={Straddling the divide: mainstream populism and conservatism in Howard’s Australia and Harper’s Canada}, volume={50}, DOI={10.1080/14662043.2012.692922}, number={3}, journal={Commonwealth & Comparative Politics}, author={Snow, Dave and Moffitt, Benjamin}, year={2012}, month={Jul}, pages={271–292} }

@book{Starkey_2007, address={Houndmills, Basingstoke}, title={Balance and bias in journalism: representation, regulation, and democracy}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, author={Starkey, Guy}, year={2007} }

@book{Stockmann_2012a, address={Cambridge}, title={Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139087742}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Stockmann, Daniela}, year={2012} }

@book{Stockmann_2012b, address={Cambridge}, title={Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139087742}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Stockmann, Daniela}, year={2012} }

@article{Stoker_Hay_2017, title={Understanding and Challenging Populist Negativity towards Politics: The Perspectives of British Citizens}, volume={65}, DOI={10.1177/0032321715607511}, number={1}, journal={Political Studies}, author={Stoker, Gerry and Hay, Colin}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={4–23} }

@book{Strömbäck_Kaid_2008, address={New York}, title={The handbook of election news coverage around the world}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Strömbäck, Jesper and Kaid, Lynda Lee}, year={2008} }

@book{Stromer-Galley_2014, address={New York}, title={Presidential campaigning in the Internet age}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731930.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, author={Stromer-Galley, Jennifer}, year={2014} }

@article{Sullivan_2014, title={China’s Weibo: Is faster different?}, volume={16}, DOI={10.1177/1461444812472966}, number={1}, journal={New Media & Society}, author={Sullivan, Jonathan}, year={2014}, month={Feb}, pages={24–37} }

@book{Swanson_Mancini_1996, address={Westport, Conn}, title={Politics, media, and modern democracy: an international study of innovations in electoral campaigning and their consequences}, publisher={Praeger}, author={Swanson, David L. and Mancini, Paolo}, year={1996} }

@misc{Tager_Glenn Bass_Lopez_2017, title={Forbidden Feeds: Government Controls on Social Media in China}, url={https://pen.org/research-resources/forbidden-feeds/}, author={Tager, J. and Glenn Bass, K. and Lopez, S.}, year={2017} }

@article{Tenscher_Koc-Michalska_Lilleker_Mykkänen_Walter_Findor_Jalali_Róka_2016, title={The professionals speak: Practitioners’ perspectives on professional election campaigning}, volume={31}, DOI={10.1177/0267323115612212}, number={2}, journal={European Journal of Communication}, author={Tenscher, Jens and Koc-Michalska, Karolina and Lilleker, Darren G and Mykkänen, Juri and Walter, Annemarie S and Findor, Andrej and Jalali, Carlos and Róka, Jolán}, year={2016}, month={Apr}, pages={95–119} }

@article{Tenscher_Mykkänen_Moring_2012, title={Modes of professional campaigning: A four country comparison in the European parliamentary elections, 2009}, volume={17}, DOI={10.1177/1940161211433839}, number={2}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Tenscher, Jens and Mykkänen, Juri and Moring, Tom}, year={2012}, month={Apr}, pages={145–168} }

@article{Thesen_2018, title={News content and populist radical right party support. The case of Denmark}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1016/j.electstud.2018.09.003}, journal={Electoral Studies}, author={Thesen, Gunnar}, year={2018}, month={Dec}, pages={80–89} }

@article{Theviot_2016, title={Towards a standardization of campaign strategies dictated by the Obama ‘model’? The case of ‘American-style’ canvassing during the 2012 French presidential election campaign}, volume={14}, DOI={10.1057/fp.2016.7}, number={2}, journal={French Politics}, author={Theviot, Anaïs}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={158–177} }

@article{Trimble_Raphael_Sampert_Wagner_Gerrits_2015, title={Politicizing Bodies: Hegemonic Masculinity, Heteronormativity, and Racism in News Representations of Canadian Political Party Leadership Candidates}, volume={38}, DOI={10.1080/07491409.2015.1062836}, number={3}, journal={Women’s Studies in Communication}, author={Trimble, Linda and Raphael, Daisy and Sampert, Shannon and Wagner, Angelia and Gerrits, Bailey}, year={2015}, month={Jul}, pages={314–330} }

@article{Trimble_Wagner_Sampert_Raphael_Gerrits_2013, title={Is It Personal? Gendered Mediation in Newspaper Coverage of Canadian National Party Leadership Contests, 1975–2012}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1177/1940161213495455}, number={4}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Trimble, Linda and Wagner, Angelia and Sampert, Shannon and Raphael, Daisy and Gerrits, Bailey}, year={2013}, month={Oct}, pages={462–481} }

@book{Trimble_2017, address={Toronto, ON}, title={Ms. Prime Minister: gender, media, and leadership}, publisher={University of Toronto Press}, author={Trimble, Linda J. (Linda Jean)}, year={2017} }

@book{Vaccari_2013a, address={Baltimore, Maryland}, title={Digital politics in Western democracies: a comparative study}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3318750}, publisher={Johns Hopkins University Press}, author={Vaccari, Cristian}, year={2013} }

@article{Vaccari_2013b, title={From echo chamber to persuasive device? Rethinking the role of the Internet in campaigns}, volume={15}, DOI={10.1177/1461444812457336}, number={1}, journal={New Media & Society}, author={Vaccari, Cristian}, year={2013}, month={Feb}, pages={109–127} }

@book{Vaccari_Ebooks Corporation Limited_2013, address={Baltimore, Maryland}, title={Digital politics in Western democracies: a comparative study}, url={http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3318750}, publisher={Johns Hopkins University Press}, author={Vaccari, Cristian and Ebooks Corporation Limited}, year={2013} }

@article{Valenzuela_Correa_2009, title={Press Coverage and Public Opinion On Women Candidates}, volume={71}, DOI={10.1177/1748048508100913}, number={3}, journal={International Communication Gazette}, author={Valenzuela, Sebastián and Correa, Teresa}, year={2009}, month={Apr}, pages={203–223} }

@article{Van Aelst_Strömbäck_Aalberg_Esser_de Vreese_Matthes_Hopmann_Salgado_Hubé_Stępińska_et al._2017, title={Political communication in a high-choice media environment: a challenge for democracy?}, volume={41}, DOI={10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551}, number={1}, journal={Annals of the International Communication Association}, author={Van Aelst, Peter and Strömbäck, Jesper and Aalberg, Toril and Esser, Frank and de Vreese, Claes and Matthes, Jörg and Hopmann, David and Salgado, Susana and Hubé, Nicolas and Stępińska, Agnieszka and Papathanassopoulos, Stylianos and Berganza, Rosa and Legnante, Guido and Reinemann, Carsten and Sheafer, Tamir and Stanyer, James}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={3–27} }

@article{Van Aelst_Walgrave_2016, title={Information and Arena: The Dual Function of the News Media for Political Elites}, volume={66}, DOI={10.1111/jcom.12229}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Van Aelst, Peter and Walgrave, Stefaan}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={496–518} }

@article{Van Gorp_2005, title={Where is the Frame?}, volume={20}, DOI={10.1177/0267323105058253}, number={4}, journal={European Journal of Communication}, author={Van Gorp, Baldwin}, year={2005}, month={Dec}, pages={484–507} }

@article{Van Gorp_2007, title={The Constructionist Approach to Framing: Bringing Culture Back In}, volume={57}, DOI={10.1111/j.0021-9916.2007.00329.x}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Van Gorp, Baldwin}, year={2007}, month={Mar}, pages={60–78} }

@article{Vliegenthart_Boomgaarden_Van Spanje_2012, title={Anti-Immigrant Party Support and Media Visibility: A Cross-Party, Over-Time Perspective}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1080/17457289.2012.693933}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties}, author={Vliegenthart, Rens and Boomgaarden, Hajo G. and Van Spanje, Joost}, year={2012}, month={Aug}, pages={315–358} }

@article{Vliegenthart_van Zoonen_2011, title={Power to the frame: Bringing sociology back to frame analysis}, volume={26}, DOI={10.1177/0267323111404838}, number={2}, journal={European Journal of Communication}, author={Vliegenthart, Rens and van Zoonen, Liesbet}, year={2011}, month={Jun}, pages={101–115} }

@article{de Vreese_Esser_Aalberg_Reinemann_Stanyer_2018, title={Populism as an Expression of Political Communication Content and Style: A New Perspective}, volume={23}, DOI={10.1177/1940161218790035}, number={4}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={de Vreese, Claes H. and Esser, Frank and Aalberg, Toril and Reinemann, Carsten and Stanyer, James}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={423–438} }

@article{W. Lance Bennett_Shanto Iyengar_2008, title={A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication}, volume={58}, DOI={10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x}, number={4}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={W. Lance Bennett and Shanto Iyengar}, year={2008}, month={Dec}, pages={707–731} }

@article{Wagner_Trimble_Sampert_Gerrits_2017, title={Gender, Competitiveness, and Candidate Visibility in Newspaper Coverage of Canadian Party Leadership Contests}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1177/1940161217723150}, number={4}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Wagner, Angelia and Trimble, Linda and Sampert, Shannon and Gerrits, Bailey}, year={2017}, month={Oct}, pages={471–489} }

@article{Waisbord_2018, title={Truth is What Happens to News}, volume={19}, DOI={10.1080/1461670X.2018.1492881}, number={13}, journal={Journalism Studies}, author={Waisbord, Silvio}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={1866–1878} }

@article{Walgrave_Soroka_Nuytemans_2008, title={The Mass Media’s Political Agenda-Setting Power}, volume={41}, DOI={10.1177/0010414006299098}, number={6}, journal={Comparative Political Studies}, author={Walgrave, Stefaan and Soroka, Stuart and Nuytemans, Michiel}, year={2008}, month={Jun}, pages={814–836} }

@article{Walgrave_Van Aelst_2006, title={The Contingency of the Mass Media’s Political Agenda Setting Power: Toward a Preliminary Theory}, volume={56}, DOI={10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00005.x}, number={1}, journal={Journal of Communication}, author={Walgrave, Stefaan and Van Aelst, Peter}, year={2006}, month={Mar}, pages={88–109} }

@article{Wang_Sparks_Lü_Huang_2017, title={Differences within the mainland Chinese press: a quantitative analysis}, volume={27}, DOI={10.1080/01292986.2016.1240818}, number={2}, journal={Asian Journal of Communication}, author={Wang, Haiyan and Sparks, Colin and Lü, Nan and Huang, Yu}, year={2017}, month={Mar}, pages={154–171} }

@article{Ward_2016, title={Seeing Double: Race, Gender, and Coverage of Minority Women’s Campaigns for the U.S. House of Representatives}, volume={12}, DOI={10.1017/S1743923X16000222}, number={02}, journal={Politics & Gender}, author={Ward, Orlanda}, year={2016}, month={Jun}, pages={317–343} }

@article{Ward_2017, title={Intersectionality and Press Coverage of Political Campaigns}, volume={22}, DOI={10.1177/1940161216673195}, number={1}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Ward, Orlanda}, year={2017}, month={Jan}, pages={43–66} }

@article{Wasburn_Wasburn_2011, title={Media coverage of women in politics: The curious case of Sarah Palin}, volume={33}, DOI={10.1177/0163443711415744}, number={7}, journal={Media, Culture & Society}, author={Wasburn, Philo C. and Wasburn, Mara H.}, year={2011}, month={Oct}, pages={1027–1041} }

@article{Wells_Shah_Pevehouse_Yang_Pelled_Boehm_Lukito_Ghosh_Schmidt_2016, title={How Trump Drove Coverage to the Nomination: Hybrid Media Campaigning}, volume={33}, DOI={10.1080/10584609.2016.1224416}, number={4}, journal={Political Communication}, author={Wells, Chris and Shah, Dhavan V. and Pevehouse, Jon C. and Yang, JungHwan and Pelled, Ayellet and Boehm, Frederick and Lukito, Josephine and Ghosh, Shreenita and Schmidt, Jessica L.}, year={2016}, month={Oct}, pages={669–676} }

@book{West_Brookings Institution_2018, address={Thousand Oaks, California}, edition={7 edition}, title={Air wars: television advertising and social media in election campaigns, 1952-2016}, publisher={SAGE/CQ Press}, author={West, Darrell M. and Brookings Institution}, year={2018} }

@article{Wettstein_Esser_Schulz_Wirz_Wirth_2018, title={News Media as Gatekeepers, Critics, and Initiators of Populist Communication: How Journalists in Ten Countries Deal with the Populist Challenge}, volume={23}, DOI={10.1177/1940161218785979}, number={4}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, author={Wettstein, Martin and Esser, Frank and Schulz, Anne and Wirz, Dominique S. and Wirth, Werner}, year={2018}, month={Oct}, pages={476–495} }

@article{Weyland_2001, title={Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics}, volume={34}, DOI={10.2307/422412}, number={1}, journal={Comparative Politics}, author={Weyland, Kurt}, year={2001}, month={Oct} }

@book{William Lockley Miller_1991, address={Oxford}, title={Media and voters: the audience, content and influence of press and television at the 1987 General Election}, publisher={Clarendon Press}, author={William Lockley Miller}, year={1991} }

@misc{Wirth_2016, title={The appeal of populist ideas, strategies and styles: A theoretical model and research design for analyzing populist political communication — NCCR Democracy}, url={http://www.nccr-democracy.uzh.ch/publications/workingpaper/wp88}, author={Wirth, W.}, year={2016} }

@book{Wolfsfeld_1997, address={Cambridge}, title={Media and political conflict: news from the Middle East}, publisher={Cambridge University Press}, author={Wolfsfeld, Gadi}, year={1997} }

@book{Wolfsfeld_2011a, address={New York}, title={Making sense of media and politics: five principles in political communication}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Wolfsfeld, Gadi}, year={2011} }

@book{Wolfsfeld_2011b, address={New York}, title={Making sense of media and politics: five principles in political communication}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Wolfsfeld, Gadi}, year={2011} }

@book{Wolfsfeld_2011c, address={New York}, title={Making sense of media and politics: five principles in political communication}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Wolfsfeld, Gadi}, year={2011} }

@book{Wolfsfeld_2011d, address={New York}, title={Making sense of media and politics: five principles in political communication}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874}, publisher={Routledge}, author={Wolfsfeld, Gadi}, year={2011} }

@article{Wood_Corbett_Flinders_2016, title={Just like us: Everyday celebrity politicians and the pursuit of popularity in an age of anti-politics}, volume={18}, DOI={10.1177/1369148116632182}, number={3}, journal={The British Journal of Politics and International Relations}, author={Wood, Matthew and Corbett, Jack and Flinders, Matthew}, year={2016}, month={Aug}, pages={581–598} }

@article{Xin_2018, title={Popularizing party journalism in China in the age of social media: The case of Xinhua News Agency}, volume={3}, DOI={10.1177/2059436418768331}, number={1}, journal={Global Media and China}, author={Xin, Xin}, year={2018}, month={Mar}, pages={3–17} }

@article{Yang_2014, title={Internet Activism & the Party-State in China}, volume={143}, DOI={10.1162/DAED_a_00276}, number={2}, journal={Daedalus}, author={Yang, Guobin}, year={2014}, month={Apr}, pages={110–123} }

@article{Yanovitzky_2002, title={Effects of News Coverage on Policy Attention and Actions}, volume={29}, DOI={10.1177/0093650202029004003}, number={4}, journal={Communication Research}, author={Yanovitzky, Itzhak}, year={2002}, month={Aug}, pages={422–451} }

@book{Zoonen_2005, address={Lanham, Md}, title={Entertaining the citizen: when politics and popular culture converge}, publisher={Rowman & Littlefield}, author={Zoonen, Liesbet van}, year={2005} }

@book{2002, address={London}, title={Do political campaigns matter?: campaign effects in elections and referendums}, publisher={Routledge}, year={2002} }

@book{2005b, address={New York, NY}, title={The press}, volume={Series: Institutions of American democracy series}, url={http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=84383&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, year={2005} }

@article{Liberation Technology_2010, volume={21}, DOI={10.1353/jod.0.0190}, number={3}, journal={Journal of Democracy}, year={2010}, pages={69–83} }

@book{Norris_World Bank_2010, address={Washington, D.C.}, title={Public sentinel: news media & governance reform}, publisher={The World Bank}, year={2010} }

@book{Susan L. Shirk_2011, address={Oxford}, title={Changing media, changing China}, url={http://GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=602492}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, year={2011} }

@book{2012, address={New York, N.Y.}, title={How media inform democracy: a comparative approach}, volume={Series: Routledge new developments in communication and society research}, publisher={Routledge}, year={2012} }

@misc{Freedom of the Press 2017_2013, url={https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2017}, publisher={Freedom House}, year={2013} }

@book{2014, address={Basingstoke}, title={Mediatization of politics: understanding the transformation of western democracies}, url={http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9781137275844}, publisher={Palgrave Macmillan}, year={2014} }

@book{Brady_2014, address={London}, title={China’s thought management}, volume={40}, publisher={Routledge}, year={2014} }

@book{Kenski_Jamieson_2014a, address={New York}, title={The Oxford handbook of political communication}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, year={2014} }

@book{Kenski_Jamieson_2014b, address={New York}, title={The Oxford handbook of political communication}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, year={2014} }

@book{Kenski_Jamieson_2014c, address={New York}, title={The Oxford handbook of political communication}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, year={2014} }

@book{Reinemann_2014a, address={Berlin}, title={Political communication}, volume={volume 18}, publisher={De Gruyter Mouton}, year={2014} }

@book{Reinemann_2014b, address={Berlin}, title={Political communication}, volume={volume 18}, publisher={De Gruyter Mouton}, year={2014} }

@article{American Behavioral Scientist : Special Issue Title: Framing Irregular Immigration in Western Media: Voices, Stories and Audience Impact_2015, volume={59}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/absb/59/7}, number={7}, publisher={Sage Publishing}, year={2015} }

@book{Bruns_Enli_Skogerbø_Larsson_Christensen_2015, address={London}, title={The Routledge companion to social media and politics}, url={http://GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=4218813}, publisher={Routledge}, year={2015} }

@book{Coleman_Freelon_2015, address={Cheltenham}, title={Handbook of digital politics}, publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing Limited}, year={2015} }

@book{Lilleker_Jackson_Thorsen_Veneti_2016, title={US Election Analysis 2016: Media, Voters and the Campaign}, url={http://www.electionanalysis2016.us/}, publisher={Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK}, year={2016} }

@book{Peters_Broersma_2017, address={London, [England]}, title={Rethinking journalism again: societal role and public relevance in a digital age}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317506416}, publisher={Routledge}, year={2017} }

@book{Wring_Mortimore_Atkinson_2017, address={Cham}, title={Political Communication in Britain}, url={http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-40934-4}, DOI={10.1007/978-3-319-40934-4}, publisher={Springer International Publishing}, year={2017} }

@book{Caramani_2017, address={Oxford, United Kingdom}, edition={Fourth edition}, title={Comparative politics}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, year={2017} }

@book{Political populism: a handbook, Heinisch: Christina Holtz-Bacha, Oscar Mazzoleni (eds.)_2017, address={Baden-Baden}, edition={1st edition}, volume={Band 3}, publisher={Nomos}, year={2017} }

@book{Rovira Kaltwasser_Taggart_Ochoa Espejo_Ostiguy_2017, address={Oxford}, title={The Oxford handbook of populism}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001}, publisher={Oxford University Press}, year={2017} }

@misc{United Kingdom - Reuters Institute Digital News Report_2018, url={http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2018/united-kingdom-2018/}, year={2018} }

@book{Rawnsley_Rawnsley_2018, address={London}, edition={Paperback edition}, title={Routledge handbook of Chinese media}, publisher={Routledge}, year={2018} }

@book{Thomas_Bittner_2018, address={Vancouver, BC}, title={Mothers and others: the role of parenthood in politics}, publisher={UBC Press}, year={2018} }

@book{Boczkowski_Papacharissi_2018a, address={Cambridge, Massachusetts}, title={**Trump and the media}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880}, publisher={The MIT Press}, year={2018} }

@book{Boczkowski_Papacharissi_2018b, address={Cambridge, Massachusetts}, title={Trump and the media}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880}, publisher={The MIT Press}, year={2018} }

@book{Boczkowski_Papacharissi_2018c, address={Cambridge, Massachusetts}, title={Trump and the media}, url={https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880}, publisher={The MIT Press}, year={2018} }

@book{Fisher_2018, address={London, [England]}, title={The Routledge handbook of elections, voting behavior and public opinion}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315712390}, publisher={Routledge}, year={2018} }

@misc{Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2017, url={http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/} }

@misc{US Election Analysis 2016, url={http://www.electionanalysis2016.us/us-election-analysis-2016/introduction/} }

@misc{Counting Women In - Centre for Women and Democracy, url={http://www.cfwd.org.uk/current-projects/counting-women-in} }

@misc{Women and Journalism | Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, url={https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/women-and-journalism} }

@article{50,000 Heck*ng Facebook Ad Variants?! – Steve Olson – Medium, url={https://medium.com/@steveolson/50-000-heck-ng-facebook-ad-variants-31eed233ac4a} }

@misc{Digital-Born and Legacy News Media on Twitter during the UK General Election, url={https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-11/Digital-Born%20and%20Legacy%20News%20Media%20UK%20Factsheet.pdf} }

@article{Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2016, url={https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/journal/41253/14/2}, journal={Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2016} }

@article{Chadwick_Stromer-Galley, title={Special Issue Title: Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Election Campaigns}, volume={21}, url={https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/hijb/21/3}, number={3}, journal={The International Journal of Press/Politics}, publisher={Sage Publishing} }

@misc{US Election Analysis 2016, url={http://www.electionanalysis2016.us/us-election-analysis-2016/introduction/} }