‘50,000 Heck*ng Facebook Ad Variants?! – Steve Olson – Medium’. n.d. https://medium.com/@steveolson/50-000-heck-ng-facebook-ad-variants-31eed233ac4a.
Aaldering, Loes, and Daphne Joanna Van Der Pas. 2018. ‘Political Leadership in the Media: Gender Bias in Leader Stereotypes during Campaign and Routine Times’. British Journal of Political Science, March, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000795.
Aday, Sean, and James Devitt. 2001. ‘Style over Substance: Newspaper Coverage of Elizabeth Dole’s Presidential Bid’. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 6 (2): 52–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/108118001129172134.
Aday, Sean, and Steven Livingston. 2008. ‘Taking the State out of State—Media Relations Theory: How Transnational Advocacy Networks Are Changing the Press—State Dynamic’. Media, War & Conflict 1 (1): 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635207087630.
Aday, Sean, Steven Livingston, and Maeve Hebert. 2005. ‘Embedding the Truth’. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 10 (1): 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X05275727.
Adcock, Charlotte. 2010. ‘The Politician, The Wife, The Citizen, and Her Newspaper’. Feminist Media Studies 10 (2): 135–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680771003672254.
Albertazzi, Daniele, and Duncan McDonnell. 2008. Twenty-First Century Populism: The Spectre of Western European Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Alexander, Jeffrey C. 2010. The Performance of Politics: Obama’s Victory and the Democratic Struggle for Power. New York: Oxford University Press. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744466.001.0001.
‘American Behavioral Scientist : Special Issue Title: Framing Irregular Immigration in Western Media: Voices, Stories and Audience Impact’. 2015 59 (7). https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/absb/59/7.
Ananny, Mike. 2019. Networked Press Freedom: Creating Infrastructures for a Public Right to Hear. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037747.001.0001/upso-9780262037747.
Bachmann, Ingrid, Dustin Harp, and Jamie Loke. 2018. ‘Covering Clinton (2010–2015): Meaning-Making Strategies in US Magazine Covers’. Feminist Media Studies 18 (5): 793–809. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2017.1358204.
Baldwin-Philippi, Jessica. 2015. Using Technology, Building Democracy: Digital Campaigning and the Construction of Citizenship. New York: Oxford University Press. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190231910.001.0001.
———. 2017. ‘The Myths of Data-Driven Campaigning’. Political Communication 34 (4): 627–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1372999.
Bauer, Nichole M. 2015. ‘Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates’. Political Psychology 36 (6): 691–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12186.
Beharrell, Peter, Richard Hoggart, and Glasgow Media Group. 2010a. Bad News: Volume 1. Abingdon: Routledge. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480.
———. 2010b. Bad News: Volume 1. Abingdon: Routledge. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480.
———. 2010c. Bad News: Volume 1. Abingdon: Routledge. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480.
———. 2010d. Bad News: Volume 1. Abingdon: Routledge. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480.
Bell, Carole V., and Robert M. Entman. 2011. ‘The Media’s Role in America’s Exceptional Politics of Inequality’. The International Journal of Press/Politics 16 (4): 548–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211417334.
Bell, Emily. 2016. ‘Who Owns the News Consumer: Social Media Platforms or Publishers?’ Columbia Journalism Review. https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/platforms_and_publishers_new_research_from_the_tow_center.php.
Benjamin R. Barber. 1984. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bennett, W. Lance. 1990. ‘Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States’. Journal of Communication 40 (2): 103–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02265.x.
Bennett, W. Lance, Regina G. Lawrence, and Steven Livingston. 2006. ‘None Dare Call It Torture: Indexing and the Limits of Press Independence in the Abu Ghraib Scandal’. Journal of Communication 56 (3): 467–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00296.x.
Bennett, W. Lance, and Steven Livingston. 2003. ‘Editors’ Introduction: A Semi-Independent Press: Government Control and Journalistic Autonomy in the Political Construction of News’. Political Communication 20 (4): 359–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600390244086.
Bennett, W. Lance, and David L. Paletz. 1994. Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press.
Bennett, W. Lance, Alexandra Segerberg, and Curd B. Knüpfer. 2018. ‘The Democratic Interface: Technology, Political Organization, and Diverging Patterns of Electoral Representation’. Information, Communication & Society 21 (11): 1655–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1348533.
Benson, Rodney. 2014. Shaping Immigration News: A French-American Comparison. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Berry, Mike. 2016. ‘No Alternative to Austerity: How BBC Broadcast News Reported the Deficit Debate’. Media, Culture & Society 38 (6): 844–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443715620931.
Blumler, Jay G. 2013. ‘Guest Contribution by Jay G. Blumler: "The Fourth Age of Political Communication”’. 2013. http://www.fgpk.de/en/2013/gastbeitrag-von-jay-g-blumler-the-fourth-age-of-political-communication-2/.
Boczkowski, Pablo J., and Zizi Papacharissi, eds. 2018a. **Trump and the Media. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880.
———, eds. 2018b. Trump and the Media. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880.
———, eds. 2018c. Trump and the Media. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880.
Boden, H. 2017. ‘In Search of Unbiased Reporting in Light of Brexit, Trump and Other Reporting Challenges in the UK and US - Shorenstein Center’. https://shorensteincenter.org/unbiased-reporting-brexit-trump-uk-us/.
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Bos, Linda, Wouter van der Brug, and Claes de Vreese. 2011. ‘How the Media Shape Perceptions of Right-Wing Populist Leaders’. Political Communication 28 (2): 182–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2011.564605.
Boykoff, Maxwell T., and Jules M. Boykoff. 2007. ‘Climate Change and Journalistic Norms: A Case-Study of US Mass-Media Coverage’. Geoforum 38 (6): 1190–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.01.008.
Brady, Anne-Marie. 2009. ‘Mass Persuasion as a Means of Legitimation and China’s Popular Authoritarianism’. American Behavioral Scientist 53 (3): 434–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209338802.
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Bruns, Axel, Gunn Enli, Eli Skogerbø, Anders Olof Larsson, and Christian Christensen, eds. 2015. The Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics. London: Routledge. http://GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=4218813.
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C. H. de Vreese. 2007. The Dynamics of Referendum Campaigns: An International Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780230591189.
C. H. de Vreese and Holli A. Semetko. 2004. Political Campaigning in Referendums: Framing the Referendum Issue. Vol. Series: Routledge research in political communication. London: Routledge.
Calhoun, Craig J. 1992. Habermas and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
Campus, Donatella. 2013. Women Political Leaders and the Media. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9781137295545.
Caramani, Daniele, ed. 2017. Comparative Politics. Fourth edition. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Carragee, Kevin M., and Wim Roefs. 2004. ‘The Neglect of Power in Recent Framing Research’. Journal of Communication 54 (2): 214–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02625.x.
Carroll, Susan J. 2009. ‘Reflections on Gender and Hillary Clinton’s Presidential Campaign: The Good, the Bad, and the Misogynic’. Politics & Gender 5 (01). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X09000014.
Chadwick, Andrew. 2017. **The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. Second edition. New York: Oxford University Press. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.001.0001.
Chadwick, Andrew, Philip N. Howard, and Dawson Books. 2010. Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. London: Routledge. http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780203962541.
Chadwick, Andrew, and Jennifer Stromer-Galley, eds. n.d. ‘Special Issue Title: Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Election Campaigns’. The International Journal of Press/Politics 21 (3). https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/hijb/21/3.
Chen, Y., and D. Y. Yang. 2018. ‘The Impact of Media Censorship: Evidence from a Field Experiment in China’. https://calendar.mit.edu/event/the_impact_of_media_censorship_evidence_from_a_field_experiment_in_china#.XDN7q2ngqUk.
Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2007. ‘Framing Theory’. Annual Review of Political Science 10 (1): 103–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054.
Ciboh, Rodney. 2017. ‘Journalists and Political Sources in Nigeria’. The International Journal of Press/Politics 22 (2): 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216681164.
Coleman, Stephen, and Deen Freelon, eds. 2015. Handbook of Digital Politics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
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‘Counting Women In - Centre for Women and Democracy’. n.d. http://www.cfwd.org.uk/current-projects/counting-women-in.
Craig, Stephen C., and Paulina S. Rippere. 2016. ‘He Said, She Said: The Impact of Candidate Gender in Negative Campaigns’. Politics & Gender 12 (02): 391–414. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X15000550.
Creemers, Rogier. 2017. ‘Cyber China: Upgrading Propaganda, Public Opinion Work and Social Management for the Twenty-First Century’. Journal of Contemporary China 26 (103): 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1206281.
Curran, James. 2002a. Media and Power. London: Routledge. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203417744.
———. 2002b. Media and Power. London: Routledge. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203417744.
Curran, James and Taylor & Francis Group. 2002. Media and Power. London: Routledge. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203417744.
D. C. Mutz and L. Young. 2011. ‘Communication and Public Opinion: Plus Ca Change?’ Public Opinion Quarterly 75 (5): 1018–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr052.
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David Held. 1996. Models of Democracy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Polity.
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Dawson Books. 2017. Populist Political Communication in Europe. Edited by Toril Aalberg, Frank Esser, Jesper Strömbäck, and C. H. de Vreese. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Routledge. https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781315623016.
Dekker, Rianne, and Peter Scholten. 2017. ‘Framing the Immigration Policy Agenda’. The International Journal of Press/Politics 22 (2): 202–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216688323.
Denis McQuail. 1992. Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest. London: Sage Publications.
Diana Carole Mutz. 1998. Impersonal Influence: How Perceptions of Mass Collectives Affect Political Attitudes. Vol. Series: Cambridge studies in political psychology and public opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
‘Digital-Born and Legacy News Media on Twitter during the UK General Election’. n.d. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-11/Digital-Born%20and%20Legacy%20News%20Media%20UK%20Factsheet.pdf.
Dimitrov, Martin K. 2017. ‘The Political Logic of Media Control in China’. Problems of Post-Communism 64 (3–4): 121–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2017.1318346.
Dimitrova, Daniela V., and Jörg Matthes. 2018. ‘Social Media in Political Campaigning Around the World: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges’. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 95 (2): 333–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018770437.
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Ebooks Corporation Limited. 2016. The Internet, Social Media, and a Changing China. Edited by Jacques deLisle, Avery Goldstein, and Guobin Yang. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=4540252.
Egorov, Georgy, Sergei Guriev, and Konstantin Sonin. 2009. ‘Why Resource-Poor Dictators Allow Freer Media: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data’. The American Political Science Review 103 (4): 645–68. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27798530.
Elena Block. 2017. ‘The Populist Communication Style: Toward a Critical Framework’. International Journal of Communication 11. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5820.
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Entman, Robert M, and Nikki Usher. 2018. ‘Framing in a Fractured Democracy: Impacts of Digital Technology on Ideology, Power and Cascading Network Activation’. Journal of Communication 68 (2): 298–308. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx019.
Ernst, Nicole, Frank Esser, Sina Blassnig, and Sven Engesser. 2018. ‘Favorable Opportunity Structures for Populist Communication: Comparing Different Types of Politicians and Issues in Social Media, Television and the Press’. The International Journal of Press/Politics, December. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218819430.
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Esser, Frank, and Barbara Pfetsch. 2004. Comparing Political Communication: Theories, Cases, and Challenges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Faris, Robert M., Hal Roberts, Bruce Etling, Nikki Bourassa, Ethan Zuckerman, and Yochai Benkler. 2017. ‘Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election’. https://cyber.harvard.edu/publications/2017/08/mediacloud.
Fisher, Justin, ed. 2018. The Routledge Handbook of Elections, Voting Behavior and Public Opinion. London, [England]: Routledge. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315712390.
Frank Esser, Jesper Stromback, ed. 2014. Mediatization of Politics: Understanding the Transformation of Western Democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9781137275844.
Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm. 1984. Four Theories of the Press. Chicago, Ill: University of Illinois Press.
‘Freedom of the Press 2017’. 2013. Freedom House. 2013. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2017.
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Gamson, W., and C. Ryan. 2005. ‘Thinking about Elephants. Toward a Dialogue with George Lakoff’. Public Eye Magazine. http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v19n2/gamson_elephants.html.
Gamson, William A., David Croteau, William Hoynes, and Theodore Sasson. 1992. ‘Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality’. Annual Review of Sociology 18. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083459.
Gamson, William A., and Andre Modigliani. 1989. ‘Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach’. American Journal of Sociology 95 (1). https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2780405.
Garcia-Blanco, Iñaki, and Karin Wahl-Jorgensen. 2012. ‘The Discursive Construction of Women Politicians in the European Press’. Feminist Media Studies 12 (3): 422–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2011.615636.
Geneva Overholser, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, ed. 2005a. The Press. Vol. Series: Institutions of American democracy series. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=84383&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth.
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Graber, Doris. 2003. ‘THE MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY: Beyond Myths and Stereotypes.’ Annual Review of Political Science. 6 (1): 139–60. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=10609378&site=ehost-live.
Grasseger, Hannes, and Mikael Krogerus. 2017. ‘The Data That Turned the World Upside Down’. Motherboard. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/mg9vvn/how-our-likes-helped-trump-win.
Guriev, S., and D. Treisma. 2015. ‘How Modern Dictators Survive: Cooptation, Censorship, Propaganda, and Repression’. CEPR Discussion Papers. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://cepr.org/active/publications/discussion_papers/dp.php?dpno=10454.
Hackett, Robert A. 1984. ‘Decline of a Paradigm? Bias and Objectivity in News Media Studies’. Critical Studies in Mass Communication 1 (3): 229–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295038409360036.
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Harp, Dustin, Jaime Loke, and Ingrid Bachmann. 2016. ‘Hillary Clinton’s Benghazi Hearing Coverage: Political Competence, Authenticity, and the Persistence of the Double Bind’. Women’s Studies in Communication 39 (2): 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2016.1171267.
Hassid, Jonathan. 2012. ‘Safety Valve or Pressure Cooker? Blogs in Chinese Political Life’. Journal of Communication 62 (2): 212–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01634.x.
Hayes, Danny, and Jennifer L. Lawless. 2015. ‘A Non-Gendered Lens? Media, Voters, and Female Candidates in Contemporary Congressional Elections’. Perspectives on Politics 13 (01): 95–118. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592714003156.
———. 2016. Women on the Run: Gender, Media, and Political Campaigns in a Polarized Era. New York NY: Cambridge University Press.
Heflick, Nathan A., and Jamie L. Goldenberg. 2009. ‘Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence That Objectification Causes Women to Be Perceived as Less Competent and Less Fully Human’. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45 (3): 598–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.008.
Heflick, Nathan A., Jamie L. Goldenberg, Douglas P. Cooper, and Elisa Puvia. 2011. ‘From Women to Objects: Appearance Focus, Target Gender, and Perceptions of Warmth, Morality and Competence’. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47 (3): 572–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.020.
Heinz Brandenburg and Marcel Van Egmond. 2012. ‘Pressed into Party Support? Media Influence on Partisan Attitudes during the 2005 UK General Election Campaign’. British Journal of Political Science 42 (02): 441–63. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123411000445.
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HOBBS, WILLIAM R., and MARGARET E. ROBERTS. 2018. ‘How Sudden Censorship Can Increase Access to Information’. American Political Science Review 112 (03): 621–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000084.
Holtz-Bacha, Christina, and Marion R. Just. 2017a. Routledge Handbook of Political Advertising. New York, NY: Routledge. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315694504.
———. 2017b. Routledge Handbook of Political Advertising. New York, NY: Routledge. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315694504.
Huhe, Narisong, Min Tang, and Jie Chen. 2018. ‘Creating Democratic Citizens: Political Effects of the Internet in China’. Political Research Quarterly 71 (4): 757–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912918764338.
Ihlen, Øyvind, and Kjersti Thorbjørnsrud. 2014. ‘Making News and Influencing Decisions: Three Threshold Cases Concerning Forced Return of Immigrants’. European Journal of Communication 29 (2): 139–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323114523149.
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———. 2016. Analytic Activism: Digital Listening and the New Political Strategy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190266127.001.0001.
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———, eds. 2014c. The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication. New York: Oxford University Press. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001.
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———. 2016a. Prototype Politics: Technology-Intense Campaigning and the Data of Democracy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199350247.001.0001.
———. 2016b. ‘Seizing the Moment: The Presidential Campaigns’ Use of Twitter during the 2012 Electoral Cycle’. New Media & Society 18 (8): 1473–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814562445.
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———. 2017c. ‘Campaigning in the Fourth Age of Political Communication. A Multi-Method Study on the Use of Facebook by German and Austrian Parties in the 2013 National Election Campaigns’. Information, Communication & Society 20 (11): 1698–1719. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1254269.
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———. 2002a. The CNN Effect: The Myth of News Foreign Policy and Intervention. London: Routledge. http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=10716&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth.
———. 2002b. The CNN Effect: The Myth of News Foreign Policy and Intervention. New York: Routledge.
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———. 2011b. Making Sense of Media and Politics: Five Principles in Political Communication. New York: Routledge. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874.
———. 2011c. Making Sense of Media and Politics: Five Principles in Political Communication. New York: Routledge. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874.
———. 2011d. Making Sense of Media and Politics: Five Principles in Political Communication. New York: Routledge. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874.
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