Bibliography for Politics, Communication and Democracy BETA

‘50,000 Heck*ng Facebook Ad Variants?! – Steve Olson – Medium’ (no date). Available at: https://medium.com/@steveolson/50-000-heck-ng-facebook-ad-variants-31eed233ac4a.

Aaldering, L. and Van Der Pas, D.J. (2018) ‘Political Leadership in the Media: Gender Bias in Leader Stereotypes during Campaign and Routine Times’, British Journal of Political Science, pp. 1–21. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000795.

Aday, S. and Devitt, J. (2001) ‘Style over Substance: Newspaper Coverage of Elizabeth Dole’s Presidential Bid’, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6(2), pp. 52–73. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/108118001129172134.

Aday, S. and Livingston, S. (2008) ‘Taking the state out of state—media relations theory: how transnational advocacy networks are changing the press—state dynamic’, Media, War & Conflict, 1(1), pp. 99–107. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635207087630.

Aday, S., Livingston, S. and Hebert, M. (2005) ‘Embedding the Truth’, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(1), pp. 3–21. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X05275727.

Adcock, C. (2010) ‘The Politician, The Wife, The Citizen, and her Newspaper’, Feminist Media Studies, 10(2), pp. 135–159. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680771003672254.

Albertazzi, D. and McDonnell, D. (2008) Twenty-first century populism: the spectre of Western European democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Alexander, J.C. (2010) The performance of politics: Obama’s victory and the democratic struggle for power. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744466.001.0001.

‘American Behavioral Scientist : Special Issue Title: Framing Irregular Immigration in Western Media: Voices, Stories and Audience Impact’ (2015), 59(7). Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/absb/59/7.

Ananny, M. (2019) Networked press freedom: creating infrastructures for a public right to hear. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037747.001.0001/upso-9780262037747.

Bachmann, I., Harp, D. and Loke, J. (2018) ‘Covering Clinton (2010–2015): meaning-making strategies in US magazine covers’, Feminist Media Studies, 18(5), pp. 793–809. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2017.1358204.

Baldwin-Philippi, J. (2015) Using technology, building democracy: digital campaigning and the construction of citizenship. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190231910.001.0001.

Baldwin-Philippi, J. (2017) ‘The Myths of Data-Driven Campaigning’, Political Communication, 34(4), pp. 627–633. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1372999.

Bauer, N.M. (2015) ‘Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates’, Political Psychology, 36(6), pp. 691–708. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12186.

Beharrell, P., Hoggart, R., and Glasgow Media Group (2010a) Bad news: Volume 1. Abingdon: Routledge. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480.

Beharrell, P., Hoggart, R., and Glasgow Media Group (2010b) Bad news: Volume 1. Abingdon: Routledge. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480.

Beharrell, P., Hoggart, R., and Glasgow Media Group (2010c) Bad news: Volume 1. Abingdon: Routledge. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480.

Beharrell, P., Hoggart, R., and Glasgow Media Group (2010d) Bad news: Volume 1. Abingdon: Routledge. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480.

Bell, C.V. and Entman, R.M. (2011) ‘The Media’s Role in America’s Exceptional Politics of Inequality’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(4), pp. 548–572. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161211417334.

Bell, E. (2016) ‘Who owns the news consumer: Social media platforms or publishers?’, Columbia Journalism Review [Preprint]. Available at: https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/platforms_and_publishers_new_research_from_the_tow_center.php.

Benjamin R. Barber (1984) Strong democracy: participatory politics for a new age. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bennett, W.L. (1990) ‘Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States’, Journal of Communication, 40(2), pp. 103–127. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02265.x.

Bennett, W.L., Lawrence, R.G. and Livingston, S. (2006) ‘None Dare Call It Torture: Indexing and the Limits of Press Independence in the Abu Ghraib Scandal’, Journal of Communication, 56(3), pp. 467–485. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00296.x.

Bennett, W.L. and Livingston, S. (2003) ‘Editors’ Introduction: A Semi-Independent Press: Government Control and Journalistic Autonomy in the Political Construction of News’, Political Communication, 20(4), pp. 359–362. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600390244086.

Bennett, W.L. and Paletz, D.L. (1994) Taken by storm: the media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press.

Bennett, W.L., Segerberg, A. and Knüpfer, C.B. (2018) ‘The democratic interface: technology, political organization, and diverging patterns of electoral representation’, Information, Communication & Society, 21(11), pp. 1655–1680. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1348533.

Benson, R. (2014) Shaping immigration news: a French-American comparison. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Berry, M. (2016) ‘No alternative to austerity: how BBC broadcast news reported the deficit debate’, Media, Culture & Society, 38(6), pp. 844–863. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443715620931.

Blumler, J.G. (2013) Guest contribution by Jay G. Blumler: "The Fourth Age of Political Communication”. Available at: http://www.fgpk.de/en/2013/gastbeitrag-von-jay-g-blumler-the-fourth-age-of-political-communication-2/.

Boczkowski, P.J. and Papacharissi, Z. (eds) (2018a) **Trump and the media. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880.

Boczkowski, P.J. and Papacharissi, Z. (eds) (2018b) Trump and the media. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880.

Boczkowski, P.J. and Papacharissi, Z. (eds) (2018c) Trump and the media. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880.

Boden, H. (2017) ‘In Search of Unbiased Reporting in Light of Brexit, Trump and Other Reporting Challenges in the UK and US - Shorenstein Center’. Available at: https://shorensteincenter.org/unbiased-reporting-brexit-trump-uk-us/.

Bos, L. and Brants, K. (2014) ‘Populist rhetoric in politics and media: A longitudinal study of the Netherlands’, European Journal of Communication, 29(6), pp. 703–719. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323114545709.

Bos, L., van der Brug, W. and de Vreese, C. (2011) ‘How the Media Shape Perceptions of Right-Wing Populist Leaders’, Political Communication, 28(2), pp. 182–206. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2011.564605.

Boykoff, M.T. and Boykoff, J.M. (2007) ‘Climate change and journalistic norms: A case-study of US mass-media coverage’, Geoforum, 38(6), pp. 1190–1204. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.01.008.

Brady, A.-M. (2009) ‘Mass Persuasion as a Means of Legitimation and China’s Popular Authoritarianism’, American Behavioral Scientist, 53(3), pp. 434–457. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209338802.

Brady, A.-M. (ed.) (2014) China’s thought management. London: Routledge.

Brady, A.-M. (2017) ‘Plus ça change?: Media Control Under Xi Jinping’, Problems of Post-Communism, 64(3–4), pp. 128–140. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2016.1197779.

Bruns, A. et al. (eds) (2015) The Routledge companion to social media and politics. London: Routledge. Available at: http://GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=4218813.

Bucy, E.P. and Holbert, R.L. (2011) Sourcebook for political communication research: methods, measures, and analytical techniques. New York: Routledge.

C. Edwin Baker (2002) Media, markets, and democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

C. H. de Vreese (2007) The dynamics of referendum campaigns: an international perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780230591189.

C. H. de Vreese and Holli A. Semetko (2004) Political campaigning in referendums: framing the referendum issue. London: Routledge.

Calhoun, C.J. (1992) Habermas and the public sphere. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Campus, D. (2013) Women political leaders and the media. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9781137295545.

Caramani, D. (ed.) (2017) Comparative politics. Fourth edition. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

Carragee, K.M. and Roefs, W. (2004) ‘The Neglect of Power in Recent Framing Research’, Journal of Communication, 54(2), pp. 214–233. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02625.x.

Carroll, S.J. (2009) ‘Reflections on Gender and Hillary Clinton’s Presidential Campaign: The Good, the Bad, and the Misogynic’, Politics & Gender, 5(01). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X09000014.

Chadwick, A. (2017) **The hybrid media system: politics and power. Second edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.001.0001.

Chadwick, A., Howard, P.N., and Dawson Books (2010) Routledge handbook of internet politics. London: Routledge. Available at: http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780203962541.

Chadwick, A. and Stromer-Galley, J. (eds) (no date) ‘Special Issue Title: Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Election Campaigns’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21(3). Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/hijb/21/3.

Chen, Y. and Yang, D.Y. (2018) ‘The Impact of Media Censorship: Evidence from a Field Experiment in China’. Available at: https://calendar.mit.edu/event/the_impact_of_media_censorship_evidence_from_a_field_experiment_in_china#.XDN7q2ngqUk.

Chong, D. and Druckman, J.N. (2007) ‘Framing Theory’, Annual Review of Political Science, 10(1), pp. 103–126. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054.

Ciboh, R. (2017) ‘Journalists and Political Sources in Nigeria’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 22(2), pp. 185–201. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216681164.

Coleman, S. and Freelon, D. (eds) (2015) Handbook of digital politics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Cook, T.E. (2005) Governing with the news: the news media as a political institution. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Counting Women In - Centre for Women and Democracy (no date). Available at: http://www.cfwd.org.uk/current-projects/counting-women-in.

Craig, S.C. and Rippere, P.S. (2016) ‘He Said, She Said: The Impact of Candidate Gender in Negative Campaigns’, Politics & Gender, 12(02), pp. 391–414. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X15000550.

Creemers, R. (2017) ‘Cyber China: Upgrading Propaganda, Public Opinion Work and Social Management for the Twenty-First Century’, Journal of Contemporary China, 26(103), pp. 85–100. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1206281.

Curran, J. (2002a) Media and power. London: Routledge. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203417744.

Curran, J. (2002b) Media and power. London: Routledge. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203417744.

Curran, J. and Taylor & Francis Group (2002) Media and power. London: Routledge. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203417744.

D. C. Mutz and L. Young (2011) ‘Communication and Public Opinion: Plus Ca Change?’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(5), pp. 1018–1044. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr052.

D. Stockmann and M. E. Gallagher (2011) ‘Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China’, Comparative Political Studies, 44(4), pp. 436–467. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414010394773.

D. T. Denver (2012) Elections and voters in Britain. 3rd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Daniel C. Hallin and Paolo Mancini (2012) Comparing media systems beyond the western world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

David Held (1996) Models of democracy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Polity.

David M. Farrell & Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck (ed.) (2002) Do political campaigns matter?: campaign effects in elections and referendums. London: Routledge.

David Tewksbury and Jason Rittenberg (2012) News on the internet: information and citizenship in the 21st century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dawson Books (2017) Populist political communication in Europe. Edited by T. Aalberg et al. New York, NY: Routledge. Available at: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781315623016.

Dekker, R. and Scholten, P. (2017) ‘Framing the Immigration Policy Agenda’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 22(2), pp. 202–222. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216688323.

Denis McQuail (1992) Media performance: mass communication and the public interest. London: Sage Publications.

Diana Carole Mutz (1998) Impersonal influence: how perceptions of mass collectives affect political attitudes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

‘Digital-Born and Legacy News Media on Twitter during the UK General Election’ (no date). Available at: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-11/Digital-Born%20and%20Legacy%20News%20Media%20UK%20Factsheet.pdf.

Dimitrov, M.K. (2017) ‘The Political Logic of Media Control in China’, Problems of Post-Communism, 64(3–4), pp. 121–127. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2017.1318346.

Dimitrova, D.V. and Matthes, J. (2018) ‘Social Media in Political Campaigning Around the World: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges’, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(2), pp. 333–342. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018770437.

Dommett, K. and Temple, L. (2018) ‘Digital Campaigning: The Rise of Facebook and Satellite Campaigns’, Parliamentary Affairs, 71(suppl_1), pp. 189–202. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsx056.

Doris A. Graber (2011) Media power in politics. 6th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Downs, W.M. (2012) ‘There Goes the Neighbourhood? The “Americanisation” of Elections, with Evidence from Scotland’s Parliament’, Parliamentary Affairs, 65(4), pp. 758–777. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsr034.

Dunaway, J. et al. (2013) ‘Traits versus Issues’, Political Research Quarterly, 66(3), pp. 715–726. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912913491464.

Ebooks Corporation Limited (2016) The Internet, social media, and a changing China. Edited by J. deLisle, A. Goldstein, and G. Yang. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Available at: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=4540252.

Egorov, G., Guriev, S. and Sonin, K. (2009) ‘Why Resource-poor Dictators Allow Freer Media: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data’, The American Political Science Review, 103(4), pp. 645–668. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27798530.

Elena Block (2017) ‘The Populist Communication Style: Toward a Critical Framework’, International Journal of Communication, 11. Available at: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5820.

Elmelund-Præstekær, C. and Wien, C. (2008) ‘What’s the Fuss About? The Interplay of Media Hypes and Politics’, The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13(3), pp. 247–266. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161208319292.

Enli, G. (2017) ‘Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election’, European Journal of Communication, 32(1), pp. 50–61. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116682802.

Entman, R.M. (1993) ‘Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm’, Journal of Communication, 43(4), pp. 51–58. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.

Entman, R.M. (2003) ‘Cascading Activation: Contesting the White House’s Frame After 9/11’, Political Communication, 20(4), pp. 415–432. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600390244176.

Entman, R.M. (2007) ‘Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power’, Journal of Communication, 57(1), pp. 163–173. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x.

Entman, R.M. and Usher, N. (2018) ‘Framing in a Fractured Democracy: Impacts of Digital Technology on Ideology, Power and Cascading Network Activation’, Journal of Communication, 68(2), pp. 298–308. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx019.

Ernst, N. et al. (2018) ‘Favorable Opportunity Structures for Populist Communication: Comparing Different Types of Politicians and Issues in Social Media, Television and the Press’, The International Journal of Press/Politics [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161218819430.

Escobar-Lemmon, M.C. et al. (2016) ‘Just the Facts? Media Coverage of Female and Male High Court Appointees in Five Democracies’, Politics & Gender, 12(02), pp. 254–274. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X16000234.

Esser, F. and Pfetsch, B. (2004) Comparing political communication: theories, cases, and challenges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Fahey, A.C. (2007) ‘French and Feminine: Hegemonic Masculinity and the Emasculation of John Kerry in the 2004 Presidential Race’, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 24(2), pp. 132–150. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/07393180701262743.

Faris, R.M. et al. (2017) ‘Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election’. Available at: https://cyber.harvard.edu/publications/2017/08/mediacloud.

Fisher, J. (ed.) (2018) The Routledge handbook of elections, voting behavior and public opinion. London, [England]: Routledge. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315712390.

Frank Esser, Jesper Stromback (ed.) (2014) Mediatization of politics: understanding the transformation of western democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9781137275844.

Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson, and Wilbur Schramm (1984) Four theories of the press. Chicago, Ill: University of Illinois Press.

Freedom of the Press 2017 (2013). Freedom House. Available at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2017.

Freelon, D. and Karpf, D. (2015) ‘Of big birds and bayonets: hybrid Twitter interactivity in the 2012 Presidential debates’, Information, Communication & Society, 18(4), pp. 390–406. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.952659.

Gamson, W. and Ryan, C. (2005) ‘Thinking about Elephants. Toward a Dialogue with George Lakoff’, Public Eye Magazine [Preprint]. Available at: http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v19n2/gamson_elephants.html.

Gamson, W.A. et al. (1992) ‘Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality’, Annual Review of Sociology, 18. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083459.

Gamson, W.A. and Modigliani, A. (1989) ‘Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach’, American Journal of Sociology, 95(1). Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2780405.

Garcia-Blanco, I. and Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2012) ‘The Discursive Construction of Women Politicians in the European Press’, Feminist Media Studies, 12(3), pp. 422–441. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2011.615636.

Geneva Overholser, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, (ed.) (2005) The press. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=84383&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth.

Gibson, R.K. and McAllister, I. (2015) ‘Normalising or equalising party competition? Assessing the impact of the web on election campaigning’, Political Studies, 63(3), pp. 529–547. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12107.

Gilboa, E. (2005) ‘The CNN Effect: The Search for a Communication Theory of International Relations’, Political Communication, 22(1), pp. 27–44. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600590908429.

Goffman, E. (1986) Frame analysis: an essay on the organization of experience. Northeastern University Press ed. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Graber, Doris (2003) ‘THE MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY: Beyond Myths and Stereotypes.’, Annual Review of Political Science., 6(1), pp. 139–160. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=10609378&site=ehost-live.

Grasseger, H. and Krogerus, M. (2017) ‘The Data That Turned the World Upside Down’, Motherboard [Preprint]. Available at: https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/mg9vvn/how-our-likes-helped-trump-win.

Guriev, S. and Treisma, D. (2015) ‘How Modern Dictators Survive: Cooptation, Censorship, Propaganda, and Repression’, CEPR discussion papers [Preprint]. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://cepr.org/active/publications/discussion_papers/dp.php?dpno=10454.

Hackett, R.A. (1984) ‘Decline of a paradigm? Bias and objectivity in news media studies’, Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 1(3), pp. 229–259. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15295038409360036.

Hallin, D.C. and Mancini, P. (2012) Comparing media systems beyond the western world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Harp, D., Loke, J. and Bachmann, I. (2016) ‘Hillary Clinton’s Benghazi Hearing Coverage: Political Competence, Authenticity, and the Persistence of the Double Bind’, Women’s Studies in Communication, 39(2), pp. 193–210. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2016.1171267.

Hassid, J. (2012) ‘Safety Valve or Pressure Cooker? Blogs in Chinese Political Life’, Journal of Communication, 62(2), pp. 212–230. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01634.x.

Hayes, D. and Lawless, J.L. (2015) ‘A Non-Gendered Lens? Media, Voters, and Female Candidates in Contemporary Congressional Elections’, Perspectives on Politics, 13(01), pp. 95–118. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592714003156.

Hayes, D. and Lawless, J.L. (2016) Women on the run: gender, media, and political campaigns in a polarized era. New York NY: Cambridge University Press.

Heflick, N.A. et al. (2011) ‘From women to objects: Appearance focus, target gender, and perceptions of warmth, morality and competence’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(3), pp. 572–581. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.020.

Heflick, N.A. and Goldenberg, J.L. (2009) ‘Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that objectification causes women to be perceived as less competent and less fully human’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(3), pp. 598–601. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.008.

Heinz Brandenburg and Marcel Van Egmond (2012) ‘Pressed into Party Support? Media Influence on Partisan Attitudes during the 2005 UK General Election Campaign’, British Journal of Political Science, 42(02), pp. 441–463. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123411000445.

Higgins, M. and McKay, F.M. (2016) ‘Gender and the development of a political persona: The case of Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon’, British Politics, 11(3), pp. 283–300. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2015.44.

HOBBS, W.R. and ROBERTS, M.E. (2018) ‘How Sudden Censorship Can Increase Access to Information’, American Political Science Review, 112(03), pp. 621–636. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055418000084.

Holtz-Bacha, C. and Just, M.R. (2017a) Routledge handbook of political advertising. New York, NY: Routledge. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315694504.

Holtz-Bacha, C. and Just, M.R. (2017b) Routledge handbook of political advertising. New York, NY: Routledge. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315694504.

Huhe, N., Tang, M. and Chen, J. (2018) ‘Creating Democratic Citizens: Political Effects of the Internet in China’, Political Research Quarterly, 71(4), pp. 757–771. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912918764338.

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Karpf, D. (2016) Analytic activism: digital listening and the new political strategy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190266127.001.0001.

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Kenski, K. and Jamieson, K.H. (eds) (2014b) The Oxford handbook of political communication. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001.

Kenski, K. and Jamieson, K.H. (eds) (2014c) The Oxford handbook of political communication. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001.

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Kreiss, D. (2012) Taking our country back: the crafting of networked politics from Howard Dean to Barack Obama. New York: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199782536.001.0001.

Kreiss, D. (2016a) Prototype politics: technology-intense campaigning and the data of democracy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199350247.001.0001.

Kreiss, D. (2016b) ‘Seizing the moment: The presidential campaigns’ use of Twitter during the 2012 electoral cycle’, New Media & Society, 18(8), pp. 1473–1490. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814562445.

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Magin, M. et al. (2017b) ‘Campaigning in the fourth age of political communication. A multi-method study on the use of Facebook by German and Austrian parties in the 2013 national election campaigns’, Information, Communication & Society, 20(11), pp. 1698–1719. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1254269.

Magin, M. et al. (2017c) ‘Campaigning in the fourth age of political communication. A multi-method study on the use of Facebook by German and Austrian parties in the 2013 national election campaigns’, Information, Communication & Society, 20(11), pp. 1698–1719. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1254269.

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Mudde, C. and Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2012) Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat or Corrective for Democracy? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139152365.

Mudde, C. and Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017) Populism: a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.

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Murray, R. (2010) Cracking the highest glass ceiling: a global comparison of women’s campaigns for executive office. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger Publishers. Available at: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780313382499.

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NEWTON, K. (2006) ‘May the weak force be with you: The power of the mass media in modern politics’, European Journal of Political Research, 45(2), pp. 209–234. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00296.x.

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Paul Felix Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet (1965) The people’s choice: how the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. 3d ed. New York: Columbia University Press.

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Pearce, K.E. and Kendzior, S. (2012) ‘Networked Authoritarianism and Social Media in Azerbaijan’, Journal of Communication, 62(2), pp. 283–298. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01633.x.

Peidong, Y. (2018) ‘“Positive Energy”: Hegemonic Intervention and Online Media Discourse in China’s Xi Jinping Era’, China: An International Journal, 16(1), pp. 1–22. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/688045.

Penney, J. (2017) ‘Social Media and Citizen Participation in "Official” and "Unofficial” Electoral Promotion: A Structural Analysis of the 2016 Bernie Sanders Digital Campaign’, Journal of Communication, 67(3), pp. 402–423. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12300.

Perloff, R.M. (2018) The dynamics of political communication: media and politics in a digital age. Second edition. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5108778.

Perloff, R.M. and Ebooks Corporation Limited (2014) The dynamics of political communication: media and politics in a digital age. New York: Routledge. Available at: http://GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1575976.

Perry, S. (2005) ‘Gender Difference in French PoliticalCommunication: From Handicap to Asset?’, Modern & Contemporary France, 13(3), pp. 337–352. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09639480500177773.

Peter Lorentzen (2014) ‘China’s Strategic Censorship’, American Journal of Political Science, 58(2), pp. 402–414. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12065.

Peters, C. and Broersma, M.J. (eds) (2017) Rethinking journalism again: societal role and public relevance in a digital age. London, [England]: Routledge. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317506416.

Pew Research Centre (no date a) ‘Election 2016: Campaigns as a Direct Source of News’. Available at: http://www.journalism.org/topics/2016-election/.

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Philo, G., Briant, E. and Donald, P. (2013b) ‘The role of the press in the war on asylum’, Race & Class, 55(2), pp. 28–41. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396813497873.

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Qin, B., Strömberg, D. and Wu, Y. (2017) ‘Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda’, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(1). Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133953.

Rawnsley, G.D. and Rawnsley, M.-Y.T. (eds) (2018) Routledge handbook of Chinese media. Paperback edition. London: Routledge.

Reese, S.D., Gandy, O.H. and Grant, A.E. (2003) Framing public life: perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

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Repnikova, M. (2017a) ‘Media Openings and Political Transitions:                              versus’, Problems of Post-Communism, 64(3–4), pp. 141–151. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2017.1307118.

Repnikova, M. (2017b) Media politics in China: improvising power under authoritarianism. Cambridge, United Kingdom: University Printing House.

Reuter, O.J. and Szakonyi, D. (2015) ‘Online Social Media and Political Awareness in Authoritarian Regimes’, British Journal of Political Science, 45(01), pp. 29–51. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123413000203.

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Robert Alan Dahl (1989) Democracy and its critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Roberts, M.E. (2018) Censored: distraction and diversion inside China’s great firewall. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Available at: https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11341.html.

Roberts, M.E. and Stewart, B.M. (2014) ‘Localization and Coordination: How Propaganda and Censorship Converge in Chinese Newspapers - Working paper’. Available at: https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/~/media/Files/Research/fordcenter/text-as-data-2014/RobertsStewartPropaganda.ashx.

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Robinson, P. (2002a) The CNN effect: the myth of news foreign policy and intervention. London: Routledge. Available at: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=10716&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth.

Robinson, P. (2002b) The CNN effect: the myth of news foreign policy and intervention. New York: Routledge.

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Rooduijn, M. (2014) ‘The Mesmerising Message: The Diffusion of Populism in Public Debates in Western European Media’, Political Studies, 62(4), pp. 726–744. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12074.

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Rovira Kaltwasser, C. et al. (eds) (2017) The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001.

Samuel L. Popkin (1991) The reasoning voter: communication and persuasion in presidential campaigns. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Scammell, M. (2014) Consumer democracy: the marketing of politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139046107.

Schnell, K.C., Frauke (2001) ‘Assessing the Democratic Debate: How the News Media Frame Elite Policy Discourse’, Political Communication, 18(2), pp. 183–213. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/105846001750322970.

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Schudson, M. and Dawson Books (2008) Why democracies need an unlovable press. Cambridge: Polity Press. Available at: http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780745675312.

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Semetko, H.A. and Valkenburg, P.M.V. (2000a) ‘Framing European politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News’, Journal of Communication, 50(2), pp. 93–109. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x.

Semetko, H.A. and Valkenburg, P.M.V. (2000b) ‘Framing European politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News’, Journal of Communication, 50(2), pp. 93–109. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x.

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Stockmann, D. (2012a) Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139087742.

Stockmann, D. (2012b) Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139087742.

Stoker, G. and Hay, C. (2017) ‘Understanding and Challenging Populist Negativity towards Politics: The Perspectives of British Citizens’, Political Studies, 65(1), pp. 4–23. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321715607511.

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Sullivan, J. (2014) ‘China’s Weibo: Is faster different?’, New Media & Society, 16(1), pp. 24–37. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812472966.

Susan L. Shirk (ed.) (2011) Changing media, changing China. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=602492.

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Thomas, M.L. and Bittner, A. (eds) (2018) Mothers and others: the role of parenthood in politics. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.

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Trimble, L. et al. (2015) ‘Politicizing Bodies: Hegemonic Masculinity, Heteronormativity, and Racism in News Representations of Canadian Political Party Leadership Candidates’, Women’s Studies in Communication, 38(3), pp. 314–330. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2015.1062836.

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‘US Election Analysis 2016’ (no date a). Available at: http://www.electionanalysis2016.us/us-election-analysis-2016/introduction/.

‘US Election Analysis 2016’ (no date b). Available at: http://www.electionanalysis2016.us/us-election-analysis-2016/introduction/.

Vaccari, C. (2013a) Digital politics in Western democracies: a comparative study. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3318750.

Vaccari, C. (2013b) ‘From echo chamber to persuasive device? Rethinking the role of the Internet in campaigns’, New Media & Society, 15(1), pp. 109–127. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812457336.

Vaccari, C. and Ebooks Corporation Limited (2013) Digital politics in Western democracies: a comparative study. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. Available at: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3318750.

Valenzuela, S. and Correa, T. (2009) ‘Press Coverage and Public Opinion On Women Candidates’, International Communication Gazette, 71(3), pp. 203–223. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048508100913.

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‘Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2016’ (no date) Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2016 [Preprint]. Available at: https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/journal/41253/14/2.

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W. Lance Bennett and Shanto Iyengar (2008) ‘A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication’, Journal of Communication, 58(4), pp. 707–731. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x.

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Wolfsfeld, G. (2011a) Making sense of media and politics: five principles in political communication. New York: Routledge. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874.

Wolfsfeld, G. (2011b) Making sense of media and politics: five principles in political communication. New York: Routledge. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874.

Wolfsfeld, G. (2011c) Making sense of media and politics: five principles in political communication. New York: Routledge. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874.

Wolfsfeld, G. (2011d) Making sense of media and politics: five principles in political communication. New York: Routledge. Available at: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874.

Women and Journalism | Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (no date). Available at: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/women-and-journalism.

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