[1]
K. F. Aas, Globalization & crime, 2nd ed., vol. Key approaches to criminology. London: SAGE, 2013.
[2]
D. Brotherton, Youth street gangs: a critical appraisal, vol. New directions in critical criminology. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2015.
[3]
A. Fraser, Urban legends: gang identity in the post-industrial city, First edition., vol. Clarendon studies in criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015 [Online]. Available: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198728610.001.0001
[4]
B. Goldson, Youth in crisis?: ‘gangs’, territoriality and violence. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=668411
[5]
John Hagedorn, A world of gangs: armed young men and gangsta culture, vol. Globalization and community series. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
[6]
J. Ilan, Understanding street culture: poverty, crime, youth and cool. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
[7]
J. Muncie, Youth and Crime, 5th Edition. London: Sage Publishing, 2021 [Online]. Available: https://app.talis.com/textbooks/9781529756999
[8]
L. J. D. Wacquant, Urban outcasts: a comparative sociology of advanced marginality. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780745674643
[9]
‘Reading the Riots | UK news | The Guardian’. [Online]. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/uk/series/reading-the-riots
[10]
‘Gangs and Armed Young Men around the world’. [Online]. Available: http://gangresearch.net/Globalization/Globroom.html
[11]
‘World Prison Brief’. [Online]. Available: https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/hong-kong-china
[12]
‘Crime and criminal justice statistics’. [Online]. Available: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/statistics/crime.html
[13]
World Health Organisation, ‘WHO Violence Prevention’. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/teams/social-determinants-of-health/violence-prevention
[14]
‘Crime, media, culture’, 2005 [Online]. Available: https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b2465956
[15]
British Society of Criminology, ‘Criminology & criminal justice: CCJ.’, 2006 [Online]. Available: https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b2318605
[16]
‘Ethnography’, 2000 [Online]. Available: https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b2465976
[17]
European Society of Criminology, ‘European journal of criminology’, 2004 [Online]. Available: https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b2465978
[18]
‘Journal of youth studies’, 1998 [Online]. Available: https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b2202397
[19]
‘Punishment & society: the international journal of penology’, 1999 [Online]. Available: https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b2204620
[20]
‘Qualitative research: QR.’, 2001 [Online]. Available: http://encore.lib.gla.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rb2204630?lang=eng
[21]
‘Sociology: the journal of the British Sociological Association’, 1967 [Online]. Available: https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b2205353
[22]
‘British journal of criminology’, 1960 [Online]. Available: https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b2196820
[23]
‘Theoretical criminology’ [Online]. Available: https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b2205724
[24]
‘Youth justice: the journal of the National Association for Youth Justice’, 2001 [Online]. Available: https://eleanor.lib.gla.ac.uk/record=b2469778
[25]
K. F. Aas, Globalization & crime, vol. Series: Key approaches to criminology. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications, 2007 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781849204873
[26]
Zygmunt Bauman, Globalization: the human consequences, vol. European perspectives. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998 [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=1207767
[27]
Mark Cieslik and Donald Simpson, Key concepts in youth studies, vol. Series: The SAGE key concepts series. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2013.
[28]
D. M. Downes, P. E. Rock, and E. McLaughlin, Understanding deviance: a guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking, Seventh edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
[29]
A. Furlong and F. Cartmel, Young people and social change: new perspectives, 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2007 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780335229758
[30]
Andy Furlong, Ed., Handbook of youth and young adulthood: new perspectives and agendas, vol. Routledge international handbooks. London: Routledge, 2009 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780203881965
[31]
D. Held and Open University, A globalizing world?: culture, economics, politics, 2nd ed. London: Routledge in association with The Open University, 2004 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780203392195
[32]
R. H. Burke, Young people, crime and justice. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Pub, 2008.
[33]
Andrew Jones, Globalization: key thinkers. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010.
[34]
J. Muncie, Youth & crime, 4th ed. London: SAGE, 2015.
[35]
S. Sassen, The global city: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991.
[36]
E. Anderson, Code of the street: decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. New York, N.Y.: W.W Norton & Company, 1999.
[37]
P. I. Bourgois, In search of respect: selling crack in El Barrio, 2nd ed., vol. Structural analysis in the social sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[38]
A. K. Cohen, Delinquent boys: the culture of the gang, 1st Free Press pbk. ed. New York, NY: Free Press, 1971.
[39]
R. A. Cloward and L. E. Ohlin, Delinquency and opportunity: a theory of delinquent gangs, vol. International library of sociology and social reconstruction (Routledge&Kegan Paul). London: Routledge, 1961.
[40]
Paul Corrigan, Schooling the Smash Street Kids, vol. Series: Crisis points. London: Macmillan, 1979.
[41]
D. M. Downes, P. E. Rock, and E. McLaughlin, Understanding deviance: a guide to the sociology of crime and rule-breaking, Seventh edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
[42]
Jeff Ferrell, Keith Hayward, Jock Young, Ed., Cultural criminology: an invitation. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2008.
[43]
S. Hall and T. Jefferson, Eds., Resistance through rituals: youth subcultures in post-war Britain, Second edition. London: Routledge, 2006 [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=356177
[44]
D. Matza, Delinquency and drift, [New ed.]. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1990.
[45]
J. Muncie, Youth & crime, 4th ed. London: SAGE, 2015.
[46]
A. Liebling, M. Shadd, and L. McAra, Eds., The Oxford handbook of criminology, 7th edn. [Oxford]: Oxford University Press, 2023 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198860914.001.0001
[47]
S. Sandberg and W. Pedersen, Street capital: black cannabis dealers in a white welfare state. Bristol, U.K.: Policy Press, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847421203.001.0001
[48]
P. E. Willis, Learning to labour: how working class kids get working class jobs. Aldershot, Hampshire: Gower, 1981.
[49]
Anne Campbell, The girls in the gang, 2nd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
[50]
Meda Chesney-Lind and John M. Hagedorn, Ed., Female gangs in America: essays on girls, gangs and gender. Chicago: Lake View Press, 1999.
[51]
R. W. Connell, ‘Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept’, Gender and Society, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 829–859, Dec. 2005, doi: 10.1177/0891243205278639.
[52]
J. W. Messerschmidt, Crime as structured action: gender, race, class and crime in the making. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications, 1997.
[53]
Jody Miller, One of the guys: girls, gangs, and gender. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
[54]
J. Miller, ‘The strengths and limits of “doing gender” for understanding street crime’, Theoretical Criminology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 433–460, Nov. 2002, doi: 10.1177/136248060200600403.
[55]
Norma Mendoza-Denton, Homegirls: language and cultural practice among Latina youth gangs, vol. New directions in ethnography. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.
[56]
J. W. Messerschmidt, ‘On gang girls, gender and a structured action theory: A reply to Miller’, Theoretical Criminology, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 461–475, Nov. 2002, doi: 10.1177/136248060200600404.
[57]
J. Muncie, Youth & crime, 4th ed. London: SAGE, 2015.
[58]
A. Liebling, M. Shadd, and L. McAra, Eds., The Oxford handbook of criminology, 7th edn. [Oxford]: Oxford University Press, 2023 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198860914.001.0001
[59]
Louis Kontos, David Brotherton, and Luis Barrios, Ed., Gangs and society: alternative perspectives. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2003.
[60]
Chris Greer, Crime and media: a reader, vol. Routledge student readers. London: Routledge, 2010.
[61]
Jeff Ferrell, ‘Youth, Crime, and Cultural Space’, Social Justice, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 21–38, 1997 [Online]. Available: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/29767040?pq-origsite=summon&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
[62]
Jeff Ferrell, Keith Hayward, Jock Young, Ed., Cultural criminology: an invitation. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2008.
[63]
John Muncie, Gordon Hughes, Eugene McLaughlin, Ed., Youth justice: critical readings. London: SAGE in association with the Open University, 2002.
[64]
Yvonne Jewkes, Media & crime, 3rd edition., vol. Key approaches to criminology. London: SAGE Publication Ltd, 2015.
[65]
Chris Greer, Ed., Crime and media: a reader, vol. Routledge student readers. London: Routledge, 2010.
[66]
Chris Greer, Ed., Crime and media: a reader, vol. Routledge student readers. London: Routledge, 2010.
[67]
P. A. Perrone and M. Chesney-Lind, ‘Representations of gangs and delinquency: wild in the streets?’, Social Justice, vol. 24, no. 4, 1997 [Online]. Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/29767044
[68]
Nicole Hahn Rafter, Shots in the mirror: crime films and society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
[69]
T. Shary, Teen movies: American youth on screen. London: Wallflower, 2005.
[70]
T. Shary and A. Seibel, Youth culture in global cinema, 1st ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007.
[71]
Keith J. Hayward and Mike Presdee, Ed., Framing crime: cultural criminology and the image, vol. A GlassHouse book. London: Routledge, 2010.
[72]
K. Franko Aas, ‘Analysing a world in motion: Global flows meet `criminology of the other’’, Theoretical Criminology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 283–303, May 2007, doi: 10.1177/1362480607075852.
[73]
M. Brake, Comparative youth culture: the sociology of youth cultures and youth subcultures in America, Britain and Canada. London: Routledge, 1985 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780203408940
[74]
John M. Hagedorn, Ed., Gangs in the global city: alternatives to traditional criminology. Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press, 2007.
[75]
S. Hall and S. Winlow, Eds., New directions in criminological theory, First edition. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012 [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=981915
[76]
John M. Hagedorn, Ed., Gangs in the global city: alternatives to traditional criminology. Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press, 2007.
[77]
J. Muncie, D. Talbot, and R. Walters, Eds., Crime: local and global. London: Routledge, 2014 [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=1694458
[78]
J. Muncie, Youth & crime, 4th ed. London: SAGE, 2015.
[79]
John M. Hagedorn, Ed., Gangs in the global city: alternatives to traditional criminology. Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press, 2007.
[80]
G. Standing, The precariat: the new dangerous class. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781849664547
[81]
L. J. D. Wacquant, Urban outcasts: a comparative sociology of advanced marginality. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780745674643
[82]
J. Bannister, J. Pickering, S. Batchelor, M. Burman, and K. Kintrea, ‘Troublesome Youth Groups, Gangs and Knife Carrying in Scotland’. 2010 [Online]. Available: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2010/09/09143042/0
[83]
A. Bartie, ‘Moral Panics and Glasgow Gangs: Exploring “the New Wave of Glasgow Hooliganism”, 1965–1970’, Contemporary British History, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 385–408, Sep. 2010, doi: 10.1080/13619462.2010.497248.
[84]
A. Cumbers, G. Helms, and M. Keen, ‘Beyond Aspiration: Young People and decent work in the de-industrialised city’. [Online]. Available: http://www.variant.org.uk/events/Doc7Poverty/BeyondAspiration.pdf
[85]
S. Damer, Glasgow: going for a song, vol. Series: City cultures. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990.
[86]
Andrew Davies, ‘Street gangs, crime and policing in Glasgow during the 1930s: The case of the beehive boys∗’, Social History, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 251–267, Oct. 1998, doi: 10.1080/03071029808568037.
[87]
A. Davies, ‘The Scottish Chicago?’, Cultural and Social History, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 511–527, Dec. 2007, doi: 10.2752/147800407X243505.
[88]
A. Fraser, ‘Street habitus: gangs, territorialism and social change in Glasgow’, Journal of Youth Studies, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 970–985, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1080/13676261.2013.793791.
[89]
A. Fraser, Urban legends: gang identity in the post-industrial city, First edition., vol. Clarendon studies in criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015 [Online]. Available: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198728610.001.0001
[90]
A. Nayak, ‘Displaced Masculinities: Chavs, Youth and Class in the Post-industrial City’, Sociology, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 813–831, Oct. 2006, doi: 10.1177/0038038506067508.
[91]
James Patrick, A Glasgow gang observed. London: Eyre Methuen, 1973.
[92]
P. Squires and A. Silvestri, ‘Street Weapons Commission: Guns, Knives and Street Violence’. 2008 [Online]. Available: http://www.crimeandjustice.org.uk/sites/crimeandjustice.org.uk/files/C4%20Street%20crime_1.pdf
[93]
C. Alexander, ‘(Re)thinking Gangs’. Runnymede Trust, London, 2008 [Online]. Available: http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/RethinkingGangs-2008.pdf
[94]
J. A. Densley, How gangs work: an ethnography of youth violence, vol. St. Antony’s series. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan in association with St Antony’s College, Oxford, 2013.
[95]
A. Gunter, ‘Growing up bad: Black youth, `road’ culture and badness in an East London neighbourhood’, Crime, Media, Culture, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 349–366, Dec. 2008, doi: 10.1177/1741659008096371.
[96]
Steve Hall and Simon Winlow, Eds., New directions in criminological theory, First edition. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012 [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=981915
[97]
S. Hallsworth and D. Brotherton, ‘Urban Disorder and Gangs: A Critique and a Warning’. Runnymede [Online]. Available: http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/UrbanDisorderandGangs-2011.pdf
[98]
S. Hallsworth, The gang and beyond: interpreting violent street worlds. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013 [Online]. Available: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9781137358103
[99]
D. Hobbs, Lush life: constructing organized crime in the UK. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199668281.001.0001
[100]
T. Newburn, ‘The 2011 England Riots in Recent Historical Perspective’, British Journal of Criminology, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 39–64, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1093/bjc/azu074.
[101]
John Pitts, Reluctant gangsters: the changing face of youth crime. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 2008 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781843926672
[102]
J. Treadwell, D. Briggs, S. Winlow, and S. Hall, ‘Shopocalypse Now: Consumer Culture and the English Riots of 2011’, British Journal of Criminology, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1–17, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1093/bjc/azs054.
[103]
Dwight Conquergood, ‘The Power of Symbols’. [Online]. Available: http://www.gangresearch.net/GangResearch/Media/Power.htm
[104]
Robert E. L. Faris, Chicago sociology, 1920-1932, vol. Series: Chandler publications in anthropology and sociology. San Francisco, California: Chandler Publishing Company, 1967.
[105]
J. Hagedorn and B. Rauch, ‘Housing, Gangs, and Homicide: What We Can Learn from Chicago’, Urban Affairs Review, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 435–456, Mar. 2007, doi: 10.1177/1078087406294435.
[106]
John Hagedorn, Ed., Gangs in the global city: alternatives to traditional criminology. Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press, 2007.
[107]
J. Hagedorn, A world of gangs: armed young men and gangsta culture, vol. Globalization and community series. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
[108]
J. M. Hagedorn, ‘A Genealogy of Gangs in Chicago: Bringing the State back into Gang Research’. 2009 [Online]. Available: http://gangresearch.net/Archives/hagedorn/articles/genealogy.pdf
[109]
J. Hagedorn, The insane Chicago way: the daring plan by Chicago gangs to create a Spanish mafia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
[110]
Mike Royko, Boss: Richard J. Daley of Chicago. New York: Dutton, 1971.
[111]
S. A. Venkatesh, Gang leader for a day: a rogue sociologist crosses the line. London: Penguin, 2009.
[112]
Loïc J. D. Wacquant, Urban outcasts: a comparative sociology of advanced marginality. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780745674643
[113]
M. Adorjan and W. H. Chui, ‘Colonial responses to youth crime in Hong Kong: Penal elitism, legitimacy and citizenship’, Theoretical Criminology, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 159–177, May 2013, doi: 10.1177/1362480612472784.
[114]
A. Choi and T. W. Lo, Fighting youth crime: success and failure of two little dragons. Singapore: Times Academic Press, 2002.
[115]
M. E. DeGolyer, ‘Protest and Post 80’s Youth: Sources of social instability in Hong Kong’. Hong Kong Transition Project, 2010 [Online]. Available: http://hktp.org/list/protest_and_post_80s_youths.pdf
[116]
H. Traver and J. Vagg, Crime and justice in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1991.
[117]
T. W. Lo, ‘Triadization of Youth Gangs in Hong Kong’, British Journal of Criminology, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 556–576, May 2012, doi: 10.1093/bjc/azr091.
[118]
S. W. Chiu and D. Lü, The dynamics of social movement in Hong Kong, vol. Hong Kong culture and society. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000.
[119]
D. Drache and M. D. Froese, Defiant publics: the unprecedented reach of the global citizen. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2008.
[120]
Wai-man Lam, Understanding the political culture of Hong Kong: the paradox of activism and depoliticization, vol. Series: Hong Kong becoming China. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2004.
[121]
J. M. Groves, W.-Y. Ho, and K. Siu, ‘Youth Studies and Timescapes: Insights From an Ethnographic Study of “Young Night Drifters” in Hong Kong’s Public Housing Estates’, Youth & Society, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 548–566, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1177/0044118X11407527.
[122]
John Winterdyk, Juvenile Justice Systems. Canadian Scholars Press.
[123]
J. Cottrell-Boyce, ‘Ending Gang and Youth Violence: A Critique’, Youth Justice, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 193–206, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1177/1473225413505382.
[124]
A. Fraser and C. Atkinson, ‘Making Up Gangs: Looping, Labelling and the New Politics of Intelligence-led Policing’, Youth Justice, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 154–170, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1177/1473225414529047.
[125]
P. C. Friday and X. Ren, Delinquency and juvenile justice systems in the non-Western world. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press, 2006.
[126]
B. Goldson and J. Muncie, Youth crime and juvenile justice, vol. Sage library of criminology. Los Angeles: Sage, 2009.
[127]
P. Gray, ‘The Struggle for Juvenile Justice in Hong Kong 1932-1995’, Hong Kong Law Journal, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 301–320, 1996 [Online]. Available: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/honkon26&collection=journals&id=325
[128]
S. Hallsworth and D. Brotherton, Urban Disorder and Gangs: A Critique and a Warning. Runnymede Trust, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/UrbanDisorderandGangs-2011.pdf
[129]
Trevor Jones and Tim Newburn, Policy transfer and criminal justice: exploring US influence over British crime control policy. Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2007.
[130]
J. Muncie, Youth & crime, 4th ed. London: SAGE, 2015.
[131]
S. A. Venkatesh, R. Kassimir, and Social Science Research Council (U.S.). Collaborative Research Network on Youth and Globalization, Youth, globalization, and the law. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2007.
[132]
John Muncie and Barry Goldson, Ed., Comparative youth justice: critical issues. London: SAGE Publications, 2006 [Online]. Available: https://www.dawsonera.com/guard/protected/dawson.jsp?name=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&dest=http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781847878236
[133]
M. Travers, ‘Comparing Juvenile Justice Systems: Towards a Qualitative Research Project in East Asia’, Asian Journal of Criminology, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 115–128, Jun. 2013, doi: 10.1007/s11417-012-9152-0.
[134]
S. A. Venkatesh, R. Kassimir, and Social Science Research Council (U.S.). Collaborative Research Network on Youth and Globalization, Youth, globalization, and the law. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2007.
[135]
‘Small Faces, [television programme, online], Prod. credit n.k., Prod. company n.k., Prod. country n.k., 23:50 18/9/2007, BBC ONE, 105mins. http://bobnational.net/record/236088, (Accessed 11/01/2016).’ [Online]. Available: https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/0009B01C?bcast=27378324
[136]
‘Neds, [television programme, online], Prod. credit n.k., Prod. company n.k., Prod. country n.k., 23:20 28/9/2014, Film4, 140mins. http://bobnational.net/record/244030, (Accessed 11/01/2016).’ [Online]. Available: https://login.learningonscreen.ac.uk/wayfless.php?entityID=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&target=https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/05AA3854
[137]
M. Kassovitz, ‘La Haine’. Studio Canal, [Paris], 2006 [Online]. Available: https://login.learningonscreen.ac.uk/wayfless.php?entityID=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&target=https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/buf4d3916
[138]
C. Sciamma et al., ‘Bande de filles = Girlhood’. Strand Releasing Home Video, [Culver City, California], 2015.
[139]
‘Boyz N the Hood, [television programme, online]’. 1991 [Online]. Available: https://login.learningonscreen.ac.uk/wayfless.php?entityID=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&target=https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/00088E32
[140]
‘Mi vida loca’. 1993 [Online]. Available: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107566/
[141]
‘The Bling Ring, [television programme, online], Prod. credit n.k., Prod. company n.k., Prod. country n.k., 21:00 23/4/2015, Film4, 105mins. http://bobnational.net/record/289486, (Accessed 12/01/2016).’ 2011 [Online]. Available: https://login.learningonscreen.ac.uk/wayfless.php?entityID=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&target=https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/06392FC9
[142]
‘The Wire’. 2002 [Online]. Available: https://login.learningonscreen.ac.uk/wayfless.php?entityID=https%3A%2F%2Fidp.gla.ac.uk%2Fshibboleth&target=https%3A%2F%2Flearningonscreen.ac.uk%2Fondemand%2Findex.php%2Fprog%2F0051C0CA%3Fbcast%3D31972344
[143]
‘City Of God , 00:40 25/09/2010, FilmFour, 155 mins.’ FilmFour, 2002 [Online]. Available: https://login.learningonscreen.ac.uk/wayfless.php?entityID=https%3A%2F%2Fidp.gla.ac.uk%2Fshibboleth&target=https%3A%2F%2Flearningonscreen.ac.uk%2Fondemand%2Findex.php%2Fprog%2F004F3033%3Fbcast%3D53536296
[144]
‘Do the Right Thing, [television programme, online], Prod. credit n.k., Prod. company n.k., Prod. country n.k., 00:05 19/3/2008, ITV4, 132mins. http://bobnational.net/record/1621, (Accessed 11/01/2016).’ Universal City Studios, Universal City, CA, 2001 [Online]. Available: https://login.learningonscreen.ac.uk/wayfless.php?entityID=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&target=https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/000071BF
[145]
‘Pixote’. 1981 [Online]. Available: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082912/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1
[146]
‘Tsotsi , 00:20 11/08/2013, BBC2 (BBC2 England, BBC2 Scotland, BBC2 Wales), 90 mins.’ 2005 [Online]. Available: https://login.learningonscreen.ac.uk/wayfless.php?entityID=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&target=https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/00DED673
[147]
‘Ill Manors , 23:30 01/08/2015, BBC2 Wales, 115 mins’. 2012 [Online]. Available: https://login.learningonscreen.ac.uk/wayfless.php?entityID=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&target=https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/02FE5C84
[148]
‘Kidulthood , 21:45 21/04/2012, BBC3, 90 mins.’ 2006 [Online]. Available: https://login.learningonscreen.ac.uk/wayfless.php?entityID=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth&target=https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/007F2CFF
[149]
W. Liu et al., ‘Gu huo zi zhi ren zai jiang hu = Young and dangerous’. Mei Ah Laser Disc Co, Hong Kong, 199AD.
[150]
‘Made in Hong Kong’. 1997 [Online]. Available: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0123328/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1
[151]
‘Animal Kingdom, [television programme, online], Prod. credit n.k., Prod. company n.k., Prod. country n.k., 22:45 1/1/2013, Film4, 140mins. http://bobnational.net/record/131784, (Accessed 11/01/2016).’ 2010 [Online]. Available: https://login.learningonscreen.ac.uk/wayfless.php?entityID=https%3A%2F%2Fidp.gla.ac.uk%2Fshibboleth&target=https%3A%2F%2Flearningonscreen.ac.uk%2Fondemand%2Findex.php%2Fprog%2F058E3530%3Fbcast%3D99445443
[152]
Malcolm W. Klein [et al.], Ed., The eurogang paradox: street gangs and youth groups in the U.S. and Europe. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
[153]
F. van Gemert, D. Peterson, and I.-L. Lien, Street gangs, migration and ethnicity. Cullompton, UK: Willan, 2008.
[154]
I. R. Taylor and L. Taylor, Politics and deviance, vol. Pelican books. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1973.
[155]
C. Ward, Vandalism. London: Architectural Press, 1973.
[156]
J. Bannister, Troublesome youth groups, gangs and knife carrying in Scotland, vol. Crime and justice. Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research, 2010 [Online]. Available: https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/1257/1/0104329.pdf
[157]
Angela Bartie, ‘Moral Panics and Glasgow Gangs: Exploring “the New Wave of Glasgow Hooliganism”, 1965–1970’, Contemporary British History, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 385–408, Sep. 2010, doi: 10.1080/13619462.2010.497248.
[158]
Andrew Davies, ‘Street gangs, crime and policing in Glasgow during the 1930s: The case of the beehive boys∗’, Social History, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 251–267, Oct. 1998, doi: 10.1080/03071029808568037.
[159]
A. Davies, ‘The Scottish Chicago?’, Cultural and Social History, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 511–527, Dec. 2007, doi: 10.2752/147800407X243505.
[160]
Ross Deuchar, Gangs, marginalised youth and social capital. Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, 2009.
[161]
Alistair Fraser, ‘Street habitus: gangs, territorialism and social change in Glasgow’, Journal of Youth Studies, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 970–985, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1080/13676261.2013.793791.
[162]
Alistair Fraser, Urban legends: gang identity in the post-industrial city, First edition., vol. Clarendon studies in criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198728610.001.0001
[163]
R. G. MacCallum, Tongs ya bas: the explosive history of Glasgow’s street gangs|. [Glasgow]: New Glasgow Library, 1994.
[164]
James Patrick, A Glasgow gang observed. London: Eyre Methuen, 1973.
[165]
Scott H. Decker and Frank M. Weerman, Ed., European street gangs and troublesome youth groups, vol. Violence prevention and policy series. Lanham, Md: AltaMira Press, 2005.
[166]
S. A. T. Fitzpatrick, ‘Myths and rituals surrounding delinquent gangs in Edinburgh and Dundee’, 1972 [Online]. Available: https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/7163
[167]
Ian Loader, Youth, policing and democracy. Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1996.
[168]
S. McVie and Scotland. Social Research, Gang membership and knife carrying: findings from the Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime. Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research, 2010 [Online]. Available: https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20150219044301/http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2010/09/09115209/0
[169]
Claire E. Alexander, The Asian gang: ethnicity, identity, masculinity. Oxford: Berg, 2000.
[170]
C. Alexander, ‘(Re)thinking Gangs’. Runnymede Trust, London, 2008 [Online]. Available: https://www.runnymedetrust.org/publications/rethinking-gangs
[171]
Les Back, New ethnicities and urban culture: racisms and multiculture in young lives, vol. Race and representation series. London: UCL Press, 1996.
[172]
J. A. Densley, How gangs work: an ethnography of youth violence, vol. St. Antony’s series. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan in association with St Antony’s College, Oxford, 2013.
[173]
David M. Downes, The delinquent solution: a study in subcultural theory, vol. International library of sociology and social reconstruction (Routledge&Kegan Paul). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966.
[174]
A. Gunter, ‘Growing up bad: Black youth, `road’ culture and badness in an East London neighbourhood’, Crime, Media, Culture, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 349–366, Dec. 2008, doi: 10.1177/1741659008096371.
[175]
Steve Hall and Simon Winlow, Eds., New directions in criminological theory, First edition. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012 [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=981915
[176]
S. Hallsworth and D. Brotherton, Urban Disorder and Gangs: A Critique and a Warning. Runnymede Trust, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/UrbanDisorderandGangs-2011.pdf
[177]
D. Hobbs, Lush life: constructing organized crime in the UK. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199668281.001.0001
[178]
John Pitts, Reluctant gangsters: the changing face of youth crime. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 2008 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781843926672
[179]
J. Treadwell, D. Briggs, S. Winlow, and S. Hall, ‘Shopocalypse Now: Consumer Culture and the English Riots of 2011’, British Journal of Criminology, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1–17, Jan. 2013, doi: 10.1093/bjc/azs054.
[180]
P. Williams, ‘Criminalising the Other: challenging the race-gang nexus’, Race & Class, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 18–35, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1177/0306396814556221.
[181]
B. Goldson, Youth in crisis?: ‘gangs’, territoriality and violence. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=668411
[182]
T. Young, W. Fitzgibbon, and D. Silverstone, ‘A Question of Family? Youth and Gangs’, Youth Justice, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 171–185, Aug. 2014, doi: 10.1177/1473225414537569.
[183]
‘Reading the Riots | UK news | The Guardian’. [Online]. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/uk/series/reading-the-riots
[184]
J. Aldridge, J. Medina, and R. Ralphs, ‘Youth Gangs in an English City: Social Exclusion, Drugs and Violence | ESRC | Economic and Social Research Council’. 2007 [Online]. Available: https://www.academia.edu/1145818/Youth_Gangs_in_an_English_City
[185]
B. Goldson and Ebooks Corporation Limited, Youth in crisis?: ‘gangs’, territoriality and violence. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=668411
[186]
R. MacDonald and J. Marsh, Disconnected youth?: growing up in poor Britain’s poor neighbourhoods. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
[187]
Anoop Nayak, ‘Displaced Masculinities: Chavs, Youth and Class in the Post-industrial City’, Sociology, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 813–831, 2006 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42858243
[188]
H. Parker, View from the boys: a sociology of down-town adolescents, vol. Modern revivals in sociology. Aldershot: Gregg Revivals, 1992.
[189]
S. Winlow and S. Hall, Violent night: urban leisure and contemporary culture. Oxford: Berg, 2006.
[190]
S. Winlow and S. Hall, ‘Living for the weekend: Youth identities in northeast England’, Ethnography, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 91–113, Mar. 2009, doi: 10.1177/1466138108099588.
[191]
P. Kirkness, ‘The cités strike back: restive responses to territorial taint in the French banlieues’, Environment and Planning A, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 1281–1296, 2014, doi: 10.1068/a45636.
[192]
D. P. Waddington, F. Jobard, and M. King, Eds., Rioting in the UK and France: a comparative analysis. Cullompton: Willan, 2015.
[193]
J. M. Hazen and D. Rodgers, Eds., Global gangs: street violence across the world. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.
[194]
S. J. Terrio, Judging Mohammed: juvenile delinquency, immigration, and exclusion at the Paris Palace of Justice. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2009.
[195]
Edmund W. Vaz, ‘Juvenile Gang Delinquency in Paris’, Social Problems, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 23–31, 1962 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/799404
[196]
L. J. D. Wacquant, Urban outcasts: a comparative sociology of advanced marginality. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780745674643
[197]
J. Ilan, ‘“If You Don’t Let Us In, We’ll Get Arrested”: Class-cultural Dynamics in the Provision of, and Resistance to, Youth Justice Work’, Youth Justice, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 25–39, Apr. 2010, doi: 10.1177/1473225409356760.
[198]
J. Ilan, ‘Street social capital in the liquid city’, Ethnography, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 3–24, Mar. 2013, doi: 10.1177/1466138112440983.
[199]
S. M. Bucerius, Unwanted: Muslim immigrants, dignity and drug dealing. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199856473.001.0001
[200]
S. Sandberg, ‘Street capital: Ethnicity and violence on the streets of Oslo’, Theoretical Criminology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 153–171, May 2008, doi: 10.1177/1362480608089238.
[201]
S. Sandberg and W. Pedersen, Street capital: black cannabis dealers in a white welfare state. Bristol, U.K.: Policy Press, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847421203.001.0001
[202]
S. Stephenson, Gangs of Russia: from the streets to the corridors of power. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015.
[203]
L. R. Frey, Group communication in context: studies of natural groups, vol. LEA’s communication series. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1994.
[204]
H. W. Simons and M. Billig, After postmodernism: reconstructing ideology critique, vol. Inquiries in social construction. London: Sage, 1994.
[205]
J. Hagedorn, A world of gangs: armed young men and gangsta culture, vol. Globalization and community series. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
[206]
J. M. Hagedorn, ‘A Genealogy of Gangs in Chicago : Bringing the State back into Gang Research’. [Online]. Available: http://gangresearch.net/Archives/hagedorn/articles/genealogy.pdf
[207]
J. Hagedorn, The insane Chicago way: the daring plan by Chicago gangs to create a Spanish mafia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.
[208]
S. A. Venkatesh, Gang leader for a day: a rogue sociologist crosses the line. London: Penguin, 2009.
[209]
L. J. D. Wacquant, Urban outcasts: a comparative sociology of advanced marginality. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780745674643
[210]
P. I. Bourgois, In search of respect: selling crack in El Barrio, Second edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808562
[211]
D. Brotherton and L. Barrios, The Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation: street politics and the transformation of a New York City gang. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://degruyter.com/document/isbn/9780231509060/html
[212]
A. Campbell, The girls in the gang, 2nd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.
[213]
R. Garot, Who you claim: performing gang identity in school and on the streets, vol. Alternative criminology series. New York: New York University Press, 2010.
[214]
E. Anderson, Code of the street: decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. New York, N.Y.: W.W Norton & Company, 1999.
[215]
A. Goffman, On the run: fugitive life in an American city. Chicago, [Illinois]: The University of Chicago Press, 2014 [Online]. Available: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780226136851
[216]
M. Davis and American Council of Learned Societies, City of quartz: excavating the future in Los Angeles, New ed. London: Verso, 2006 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01817
[217]
E. Flores, God’s gangs: barrio ministry, masculinity, and gang recovery. New York: New York University Press, 2014.
[218]
M. Watts, Cross-cultural perspectives on youth: and violence, vol. Contemporary Studies in Sociology. Stamford: Jai Press, 1998.
[219]
M. Sánchez-Jankowski, Islands in the street: gangs and American urban society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991 [Online]. Available: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=837252
[220]
J. D. Vigil, A rainbow of gangs: street cultures in the mega-city. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002.
[221]
A. Choi and T. W. Lo, Fighting youth crime: success and failure of two little dragons. Singapore: Times Academic Press, 2002.
[222]
M. E. DeGolyer, ‘Protest and Post-80s Youth : Sources of Social Instability in Hong Kong’. 2010 [Online]. Available: https://hktp.org/list/protest_and_post_80s_youths.pdf
[223]
H. Traver and J. Vagg, Crime and justice in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1991.
[224]
J. M. Groves, W.-Y. Ho, and K. Siu, ‘Youth Studies and Timescapes: Insights From an Ethnographic Study of “Young Night Drifters” in Hong Kong’s Public Housing Estates’, Youth & Society, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 548–566, Dec. 2012, doi: 10.1177/0044118X11407527.
[225]
T. W. Lo, ‘Triadization of Youth Gangs in Hong Kong’, British Journal of Criminology, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 556–576, May 2012, doi: 10.1093/bjc/azr091.
[226]
S. W. Chiu and D. Lü, The dynamics of social movement in Hong Kong, vol. Hong Kong culture and society. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000.
[227]
W. Lam, Understanding the political culture of Hong Kong: the paradox of activism and depoliticization, vol. Hong Kong becoming China. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2004.
[228]
J. Winterdyk, Juvenile justice systems: international perspectives, 2nd ed. Toronto, Ont: Canadian Scholars’, 2002.
[229]
‘Bosozoku - Wikipedia’. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%8Ds%C5%8Dzoku
[230]
W. Kremer and C. Hammond, ‘Hikikomori: Why are so many Japanese men refusing to leave their rooms? - BBC News’. [Online]. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23182523
[231]
M. Jones, ‘Shutting Themselves In - New York Times’. [Online]. Available: http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/15/magazine/15japanese.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&
[232]
P. Brasor, ‘“Freeter” drama reflects Japan’s income gap | The Japan Times’. [Online]. Available: http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/11/21/national/media-national/freeter-drama-reflects-japans-income-gap/#.Vo0HdlLzm5J
[233]
A. Choi and T. W. Lo, Fighting youth crime: success and failure of two little dragons. Singapore: Times Academic Press, 2002.
[234]
‘concern.sg - YouthAtRisk’. [Online]. Available: https://www.concern.sg/YouthAtRisk
[235]
‘Singapore State Courts: Family Justice Courts / Youth Court matters’. [Online]. Available: https://www.familyjusticecourts.gov.sg/Common/Pages/YouthMatters.aspx
[236]
J. M. Hazen and D. Rodgers, Eds., Global gangs: street violence across the world. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.
[237]
A. Baird, ‘Negotiating Pathways to Manhood: Rejecting Gangs and Violence in Medellín’s Periphery’, Journal of Conflictology, vol. 3, no. 1, May 2012, doi: 10.7238/joc.v3i1.1438.
[238]
R. E. Brenneman and Oxford University Press, Homies and hermanos: God and gangs in Central America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753840.001.0001
[239]
T. C. Bruneau, L. Dammert, and E. Skinner, Maras: gang violence and security in Central America, 1st ed. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2011.
[240]
L. Gutierrez Rivera, Territories of violence: State, marginal youth, and public security in honduras. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137027955
[241]
G. A. Jones and D. Rodgers, Youth violence in Latin America: gangs and juvenile justice in perspective, vol. Studies of the Americas. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
[242]
Peace Studies Group, ‘Youth and Urban Violence in San Salvador, Rio De Janeiro and Praia: Public Policies, Community-Based Responses and Recommendations’. 2012 [Online]. Available: http://www.ces.uc.pt/myces/UserFiles/livros/1097_201202IfPEWYouthViolenceRioSanPra.pdf
[243]
P. Heinonen, Youth gangs and street children: culture, nurture and masculinity in Ethiopia, vol. Social identities. New York: Berghahn, 2013.
[244]
T. R. Samara, Cape Town after apartheid: crime and governance in the divided city. Minneapolis, [Minnesota]: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.
[245]
R. White, ‘Disputed Definitions and Fluid Identities: The Limitations of Social Profiling In Relation to Ethnic Youth Gangs’, Youth Justice, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 149–161, Aug. 2008, doi: 10.1177/1473225408091375.
[246]
R. D. White, Youth gangs, violence and social respect: exploring the nature of provocations and punch-ups. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137333858
[247]
L. Gunst, Born fi’ dead: a journey through the yardie underworld. Edinburgh: Canongate, 2003.
[248]
S. Atkinson-Sheppard, ‘The gangs of Bangladesh: Exploring organized crime, street gangs and “illicit child labourers” in Dhaka’, Criminology & Criminal Justice, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 233–249, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.1177/1748895815616445.