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A. Gunter. 2008b. ‘Growing up Bad: Black Youth, `road’ Culture and Badness in an East London Neighbourhood’. Crime, Media, Culture 4(3):349–66. doi: 10.1177/1741659008096371.

A. Nayak. 2006. ‘Displaced Masculinities: Chavs, Youth and Class in the Post-Industrial City’. Sociology 40(5):813–31. doi: 10.1177/0038038506067508.

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Alistair Fraser. 2013. ‘Street Habitus: Gangs, Territorialism and Social Change in Glasgow’. Journal of Youth Studies 16(8):970–85. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2013.793791.

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Anderson, Elijah. 1999b. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York, N.Y.: W.W Norton & Company.

Andrew Davies. 1998a. ‘Street Gangs, Crime and Policing in Glasgow during the 1930s: The Case of the Beehive Boys∗’. Social History 23(3):251–67. doi: 10.1080/03071029808568037.

Andrew Davies. 1998b. ‘Street Gangs, Crime and Policing in Glasgow during the 1930s: The Case of the Beehive Boys∗’. Social History 23(3):251–67. doi: 10.1080/03071029808568037.

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Angela Bartie. 2010. ‘Moral Panics and Glasgow Gangs: Exploring “the New Wave of Glasgow Hooliganism”, 1965–1970’. Contemporary British History 24(3):385–408. doi: 10.1080/13619462.2010.497248.

Anne Campbell. 1991. The Girls in the Gang. 2nd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Anon. 1960. ‘British Journal of Criminology’.

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Atkinson-Sheppard, Sally. 2016. ‘The Gangs of Bangladesh: Exploring Organized Crime, Street Gangs and “Illicit Child Labourers” in Dhaka’. Criminology & Criminal Justice 16(2):233–49. doi: 10.1177/1748895815616445.

Baird, Adam. 2012. ‘Negotiating Pathways to Manhood: Rejecting Gangs and Violence in Medellín’s Periphery’. Journal of Conflictology 3(1). doi: 10.7238/joc.v3i1.1438.

Bannister, Jon. 2010. Troublesome Youth Groups, Gangs and Knife Carrying in Scotland. Vol. Crime and justice. Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research.

Bannister, Jon, Jon Pickering, Susan Batchelor, Michele Burman, and Keith Kintrea. 2010. ‘Troublesome Youth Groups, Gangs and Knife Carrying in Scotland’.

Bartie, Angela. 2010. ‘Moral Panics and Glasgow Gangs: Exploring “the New Wave of Glasgow Hooliganism”, 1965–1970’. Contemporary British History 24(3):385–408. doi: 10.1080/13619462.2010.497248.

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Brenneman, Robert E. and Oxford University Press. 2012. Homies and Hermanos: God and Gangs in Central America. New York: Oxford University Press.

British Society of Criminology. 2006. ‘Criminology & Criminal Justice: CCJ.’

Brotherton, David. 2015. Youth Street Gangs: A Critical Appraisal. Vol. New directions in critical criminology. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

Brotherton, David, and Luis Barrios. 2004. The Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation: Street Politics and the Transformation of a New York City Gang. New York: Columbia University Press.

Bruneau, Thomas C., Lucía Dammert, and Elizabeth Skinner. 2011. Maras: Gang Violence and Security in Central America. 1st ed. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

Bucerius, Sandra M. 2014. Unwanted: Muslim Immigrants, Dignity and Drug Dealing. New York: Oxford University Press.

Burke, Roger Hopkins. 2008. Young People, Crime and Justice. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Pub.

C. Alexander. 2008. ‘(Re)Thinking Gangs’.

Campbell, Anne. 1991. The Girls in the Gang. 2nd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Chiu, Stephen Wing-kai, and Dale Lü. 2000a. The Dynamics of Social Movement in Hong Kong. Vol. Hong Kong culture and society. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

Chiu, Stephen Wing-kai, and Dale Lü. 2000b. The Dynamics of Social Movement in Hong Kong. Vol. Hong Kong culture and society. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

Choi, Alfred, and T. Wing Lo. 2002a. Fighting Youth Crime: Success and Failure of Two Little Dragons. Singapore: Times Academic Press.

Choi, Alfred, and T. Wing Lo. 2002b. Fighting Youth Crime: Success and Failure of Two Little Dragons. Singapore: Times Academic Press.

Choi, Alfred, and T. Wing Lo. 2002c. Fighting Youth Crime: Success and Failure of Two Little Dragons. Singapore: Times Academic Press.

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Chris Greer, ed. 2010a. Crime and Media: A Reader. Vol. Routledge student readers. London: Routledge.

Chris Greer, ed. 2010b. Crime and Media: A Reader. Vol. Routledge student readers. London: Routledge.

Claire E. Alexander. 2000. The Asian Gang: Ethnicity, Identity, Masculinity. Oxford: Berg.

Cloward, Richard A., and Lloyd E. Ohlin. 1961. Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. Vol. International library of sociology and social reconstruction (Routledge&Kegan Paul). London: Routledge.

Cohen, Albert Kircidel. 1971. Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. 1st Free Press pbk. ed. New York, NY: Free Press.

Connell, R. W. 2005. ‘Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept’. Gender and Society 19(6):829–59. doi: 10.1177/0891243205278639.

Cumbers, Andrew, Gesa Helms, and Marilyn Keen. n.d. ‘Beyond Aspiration: Young People and Decent Work in the de-Industrialised City’.

Damer, Seán. 1990. Glasgow: Going for a Song. Vol. Series: City cultures. London: Lawrence & Wishart.

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Davies, Andrew. 2007b. ‘The Scottish Chicago?’ Cultural and Social History 4(4):511–27. doi: 10.2752/147800407X243505.

Davis, Mike and American Council of Learned Societies. 2006. City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. New ed. London: Verso.

DeGolyer, Michael E. 2010a. ‘Protest and Post 80’s Youth: Sources of Social Instability in Hong Kong’.

DeGolyer, Michael E. 2010b. ‘Protest and Post-80s Youth : Sources of Social Instability in Hong Kong’.

Densley, James A. 2013a. How Gangs Work: An Ethnography of Youth Violence. Vol. St. Antony’s series. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan in association with St Antony’s College, Oxford.

Densley, James A. 2013b. How Gangs Work: An Ethnography of Youth Violence. Vol. St. Antony’s series. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan in association with St Antony’s College, Oxford.

Downes, David M., Paul Elliott Rock, and Eugene McLaughlin. 2016a. Understanding Deviance: A Guide to the Sociology of Crime and Rule-Breaking. Seventh edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Downes, David M., Paul Elliott Rock, and Eugene McLaughlin. 2016b. Understanding Deviance: A Guide to the Sociology of Crime and Rule-Breaking. Seventh edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Fraser, Alistair. 2013. ‘Street Habitus: Gangs, Territorialism and Social Change in Glasgow’. Journal of Youth Studies 16(8):970–85. doi: 10.1080/13676261.2013.793791.

Fraser, Alistair. 2015a. Urban Legends: Gang Identity in the Post-Industrial City. Vol. Clarendon studies in criminology. First edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fraser, Alistair. 2015b. Urban Legends: Gang Identity in the Post-Industrial City. Vol. Clarendon studies in criminology. First edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Frey, Lawrence R. 1994. Group Communication in Context: Studies of Natural Groups. Vol. LEA’s communication series. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.

Friday, Paul C., and Xin Ren. 2006. Delinquency and Juvenile Justice Systems in the Non-Western World. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Furlong, Andy, and Fred Cartmel. 2007. Young People and Social Change: New Perspectives. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Garot, Robert. 2010. Who You Claim: Performing Gang Identity in School and on the Streets. Vol. Alternative criminology series. New York: New York University Press.

Gemert, Frank van, Dana Peterson, and Inger-Lise Lien. 2008. Street Gangs, Migration and Ethnicity. Cullompton, UK: Willan.

Goffman, Alice. 2014. On the Run: Fugitive Life in an American City. Chicago, [Illinois]: The University of Chicago Press.

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Gunst, Laurie. 2003. Born Fi’ Dead: A Journey through the Yardie Underworld. Edinburgh: Canongate.

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Hagedorn, John. 2008a. A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture. Vol. Globalization and community series. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Hagedorn, John. 2008b. A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture. Vol. Globalization and community series. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Hagedorn, John. 2015a. The Insane Chicago Way: The Daring Plan by Chicago Gangs to Create a Spanish Mafia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hagedorn, John. 2015b. The Insane Chicago Way: The Daring Plan by Chicago Gangs to Create a Spanish Mafia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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John Hagedorn. 2008. A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture. Vol. Globalization and community series. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

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John M. Hagedorn, ed. 2007b. Gangs in the Global City: Alternatives to Traditional Criminology. Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press.

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