1.
Curran J, Taylor & Francis Group. Media and power [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2002. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203417744
2.
Neilsen RK. The Power of Platforms. Inaugural Lecture, Oxford University. 2018; Available from: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/risj-review/lecture-power-platforms
3.
United Kingdom - Reuters Institute Digital News Report [Internet]. 2018. Available from: http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/survey/2018/united-kingdom-2018/
4.
Ananny M. Networked press freedom: creating infrastructures for a public right to hear [Internet]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press; 2019. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7551/mitpress/9780262037747.001.0001/upso-9780262037747
5.
Bell E. Who owns the news consumer: Social media platforms or publishers? Columbia Journalism Review [Internet]. 2016; Available from: https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/platforms_and_publishers_new_research_from_the_tow_center.php
6.
Sloan L, Quan-Haase A. The Sage handbook of social media research methods [Internet]. First edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Inc; 2016. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://methods.sagepub.com/book/the-sage-handbook-of-social-media-research-methods
7.
Nechushtai E. Could digital platforms capture the media through infrastructure? Journalism. 2018 Aug;19(8):1043–58.
8.
Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2017 [Internet]. Available from: http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/
9.
Nielsen RK. Varieties of Online Gatekeeping. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2014;
10.
Kleis Nielsen R, Ganter SA. Dealing with digital intermediaries: A case study of the relations between publishers and platforms. New Media & Society. 2018 Apr;20(4):1600–17.
11.
Peters C, Broersma MJ, editors. Rethinking journalism again: societal role and public relevance in a digital age [Internet]. London, [England]: Routledge; 2017. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317506416
12.
Perloff RM, Ebooks Corporation Limited. The dynamics of political communication: media and politics in a digital age [Internet]. New York: Routledge; 2014. Available from: http://GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1575976
13.
Pew Research Centre. The Modern News Consumer. Available from: http://www.journalism.org/2016/07/07/the-modern-news-consumer/
14.
Pew Research Centre. Election 2016: Campaigns as a Direct Source of News. Available from: http://www.journalism.org/topics/2016-election/
15.
Pew Research Centre. The Modern News Consumer. Available from: http://www.journalism.org/2016/07/07/the-modern-news-consumer/
16.
Waisbord S. Truth is What Happens to News. Journalism Studies. 2018 Oct 3;19(13):1866–78.
17.
Toril Aalberg and James Curran, editor. How media inform democracy: a comparative approach. Vol. Series: Routledge new developments in communication and society research. New York, N.Y.: Routledge; 2012.
18.
C. Edwin Baker. Media, markets, and democracy. Vol. Series: Communication, society, and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2002.
19.
Curran J. Media and power [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2002. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203417744
20.
Geneva Overholser, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, editor. The press [Internet]. Vol. Series: Institutions of American democracy series. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2005. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com?id=84383&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth
21.
J. Curran, S. Iyengar, A. Brink Lund, I. Salovaara-Moring. Media System, Public Knowledge and Democracy: A Comparative Study. European Journal of Communication. 2009 Mar 1;24(1):5–26.
22.
Graber, Doris. THE MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY: Beyond Myths and Stereotypes. Annual Review of Political Science [Internet]. 2003;6(1):139–60. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=10609378&site=ehost-live
23.
Denis McQuail. Media performance: mass communication and the public interest. London: Sage Publications; 1992.
24.
Nielsen RK. The One Thing Journalism Just Might do for Democracy. Journalism Studies. 2017 Oct 3;18(10):1251–62.
25.
M. Scammell. Rethinking the Media’s Duties to Democracy: watchdog, information and representation [Internet]. 2005. Available from: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-11/Journalism%20Democracy%20%26%20Public%20Interest.pdf
26.
Michael Schudson. The power of news. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 1995.
27.
Schudson M, Dawson Books. Why democracies need an unlovable press [Internet]. Cambridge: Polity Press; 2008. Available from: http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780745675312
28.
Frank Esser, Jesper Stromback, editor. Mediatization of politics: understanding the transformation of western democracies [Internet]. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2014. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9781137275844
29.
Fred S. Siebert, Theodore Peterson, Wilbur Schramm. Four theories of the press. Chicago, Ill: University of Illinois Press; 1984.
30.
John Street. Mass media, politics and democracy. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2011.
31.
Jesper Strömbäck. In Search of a Standard: four models of democracy and their normative implications for journalism. Journalism Studies. 2005 Aug;6(3):331–45.
32.
David Tewksbury, Jason Rittenberg. News on the internet: information and citizenship in the 21st century. Vol. Series: Oxford studies in digital politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.
33.
Van Aelst P, Strömbäck J, Aalberg T, Esser F, de Vreese C, Matthes J, et al. Political communication in a high-choice media environment: a challenge for democracy? Annals of the International Communication Association. 2017 Jan 2;41(1):3–27.
34.
JOHN ZALLER. A New Standard of News Quality: Burglar Alarms for the Monitorial Citizen. Political Communication. 2003 Apr;20(2):109–30.
35.
Benjamin R. Barber. Strong democracy: participatory politics for a new age. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1984.
36.
Robert Alan Dahl. Democracy and its critics. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1989.
37.
David Held. Models of democracy. 2nd ed. Oxford: Polity; 1996.
38.
Brady AM. Plus ça change?: Media Control Under Xi Jinping. Problems of Post-Communism. 2017 Jul 4;64(3–4):128–40.
39.
Stockmann D. Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139087742
40.
Repnikova M. Media Openings and Political Transitions: versus. Problems of Post-Communism. 2017 Jul 4;64(3–4):141–51.
41.
King G, Pan J, Roberts ME. How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, Not Engaged Argument. American Political Science Review. 2017 Aug;111(03):484–501.
42.
Roberts ME. Censored: distraction and diversion inside China’s great firewall [Internet]. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press; 2018. Available from: https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11341.html
43.
Liberation Technology. Journal of Democracy. 2010;21(3):69–83.
44.
Egorov G, Guriev S, Sonin K. Why Resource-poor Dictators Allow Freer Media: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data. The American Political Science Review [Internet]. 2009;103(4):645–68. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27798530
45.
Freedom of the Press 2017 [Internet]. Freedom House; 2013. Available from: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/freedom-press-2017
46.
Guriev S, Treisma D. How Modern Dictators Survive: Cooptation, Censorship, Propaganda, and Repression. CEPR discussion papers [Internet]. 2015; Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://cepr.org/active/publications/discussion_papers/dp.php?dpno=10454
47.
Daniel C. Hallin, Paolo Mancini. Comparing media systems beyond the western world. Vol. Series: Communication, society and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012.
48.
Morozov E. The net delusion: how not to liberate the world. London: Allen Lane; 2011.
49.
Norris P, World Bank, editors. Public sentinel: news media & governance reform. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank; 2010.
50.
Pearce KE, Kendzior S. Networked Authoritarianism and Social Media in Azerbaijan. Journal of Communication. 2012 Apr;62(2):283–98.
51.
Reuter OJ, Szakonyi D. Online Social Media and Political Awareness in Authoritarian Regimes. British Journal of Political Science. 2015 Jan;45(01):29–51.
52.
Rød EG, Weidmann NB. Empowering activists or autocrats? The Internet in authoritarian regimes. Journal of Peace Research. 2015 May;52(3):338–51.
53.
Brady AM. Mass Persuasion as a Means of Legitimation and China’s Popular Authoritarianism. American Behavioral Scientist. 2009 Nov;53(3):434–57.
54.
Brady AM, editor. China’s thought management. Vol. 40. London: Routledge; 2014.
55.
Chen Y, Yang DY. The Impact of Media Censorship: Evidence from a Field Experiment in China [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://calendar.mit.edu/event/the_impact_of_media_censorship_evidence_from_a_field_experiment_in_china#.XDN7q2ngqUk
56.
Creemers R. Cyber China: Upgrading Propaganda, Public Opinion Work and Social Management for the Twenty-First Century. Journal of Contemporary China. 2017 Jan 2;26(103):85–100.
57.
Ebooks Corporation Limited. The Internet, social media, and a changing China [Internet]. deLisle J, Goldstein A, Yang G, editors. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 2016. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=4540252
58.
Dimitrov MK. The Political Logic of Media Control in China. Problems of Post-Communism. 2017 Jul 4;64(3–4):121–7.
59.
Hassid J. Safety Valve or Pressure Cooker? Blogs in Chinese Political Life. Journal of Communication. 2012 Apr;62(2):212–30.
60.
HOBBS WR, ROBERTS ME. How Sudden Censorship Can Increase Access to Information. American Political Science Review. 2018 Aug;112(03):621–36.
61.
Huhe N, Tang M, Chen J. Creating Democratic Citizens: Political Effects of the Internet in China. Political Research Quarterly. 2018 Dec;71(4):757–71.
62.
King G, Pan J, Roberts ME. How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression. American Political Science Review. 2013 May;107(02):326–43.
63.
Peter Lorentzen. China’s Strategic Censorship. American Journal of Political Science. 2014 Apr;58(2):402–14.
64.
MacKinnon R. China’s ‘Networked Authoritarianism’. Journal of Democracy. 2011;22(2):32–46.
65.
Meng B, SpringerLink (Online service). The Politics of Chinese Media: Consensus and Contestation [Internet]. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US; 2018. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46214-5
66.
Miller BA, Gallagher M. Astroturfing in China: Three Case Studies [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://blakeapm.com/
67.
Qin B, Strömberg D, Wu Y. Why Does China Allow Freer Social Media? Protests versus Surveillance and Propaganda. The Journal of Economic Perspectives [Internet]. 2017;31(1). Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44133953
68.
Rawnsley GD, Rawnsley MYT, editors. Routledge handbook of Chinese media. Paperback edition. London: Routledge; 2018.
69.
Repnikova M. Media politics in China: improvising power under authoritarianism. Cambridge, United Kingdom: University Printing House; 2017.
70.
Roberts ME, Stewart BM. Localization and Coordination: How Propaganda and Censorship Converge in Chinese Newspapers - Working paper [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/~/media/Files/Research/fordcenter/text-as-data-2014/RobertsStewartPropaganda.ashx
71.
Susan L. Shirk, editor. Changing media, changing China [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011. Available from: http://GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=602492
72.
D. Stockmann, M. E. Gallagher. Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China. Comparative Political Studies. 2011 Apr 1;44(4):436–67.
73.
Stockmann D. Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139087742
74.
Sullivan J. China’s Weibo: Is faster different? New Media & Society. 2014 Feb;16(1):24–37.
75.
Tager J, Glenn Bass K, Lopez S. Forbidden Feeds: Government Controls on Social Media in China [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://pen.org/research-resources/forbidden-feeds/
76.
L. Tang, H. Sampson. The interaction between mass media and the internet in non-democratic states: The case of China. Media, Culture & Society. 2012 May 1;34(4):457–71.
77.
Wang H, Sparks C, Lü N, Huang Y. Differences within the mainland Chinese press: a quantitative analysis. Asian Journal of Communication. 2017 Mar 4;27(2):154–71.
78.
Xin X. Popularizing party journalism in China in the age of social media: The case of Xinhua News Agency. Global Media and China. 2018 Mar;3(1):3–17.
79.
Yang G. Internet Activism & the Party-State in China. Daedalus. 2014 Apr;143(2):110–23.
80.
Peidong Y. ‘Positive Energy’: Hegemonic Intervention and Online Media Discourse in China’s Xi Jinping Era. China: An International Journal [Internet]. 2018;16(1):1–22. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/688045
81.
Hallin DC, Mancini P. Comparing media systems beyond the western world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012.
82.
McQuail D. Media performance: mass communication and the public interest [Internet]. London: Sage Publications; 1992. Available from: https://contentstore.cla.co.uk//secure/link?id=34349f5a-ef40-e911-80cd-005056af4099
83.
Wolfsfeld G. Making sense of media and politics: five principles in political communication [Internet]. New York: Routledge; 2011. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874
84.
Berry M. No alternative to austerity: how BBC broadcast news reported the deficit debate. Media, Culture & Society. 2016 Sep;38(6):844–63.
85.
Boden H. In Search of Unbiased Reporting in Light of Brexit, Trump and Other Reporting Challenges in the UK and US - Shorenstein Center. 2017; Available from: https://shorensteincenter.org/unbiased-reporting-brexit-trump-uk-us/
86.
Entman RM. Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power. Journal of Communication. 2007 Mar;57(1):163–73.
87.
Hackett RA. Decline of a paradigm? Bias and objectivity in news media studies. Critical Studies in Mass Communication. 1984 Sep;1(3):229–59.
88.
Kenski K, Jamieson KH, editors. The Oxford handbook of political communication [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001
89.
Starkey G. Balance and bias in journalism: representation, regulation, and democracy. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2007.
90.
Aday S, Livingston S, Hebert M. Embedding the Truth. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. 2005 Jan;10(1):3–21.
91.
Bell CV, Entman RM. The Media’s Role in America’s Exceptional Politics of Inequality. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2011 Oct;16(4):548–72.
92.
Benson R. Shaping immigration news: a French-American comparison. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2014.
93.
Boykoff MT, Boykoff JM. Climate change and journalistic norms: A case-study of US mass-media coverage. Geoforum. 2007 Nov;38(6):1190–204.
94.
Gamson WA, Modigliani A. Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach. American Journal of Sociology [Internet]. 1989;95(1). Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2780405
95.
Beharrell P, Hoggart R, Glasgow Media Group. Bad news: Volume 1 [Internet]. Abingdon: Routledge; 2010. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480
96.
Beharrell P, Hoggart R, Glasgow Media Group. Bad news: Volume 1 [Internet]. Abingdon: Routledge; 2010. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480
97.
Lawrence RG. Framing Obesity. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. 2004 Jul;9(3):56–75.
98.
US Election Analysis 2016 [Internet]. Available from: http://www.electionanalysis2016.us/us-election-analysis-2016/introduction/
99.
Lundström R. Framing fraud: Discourse on benefit cheating in Sweden and the UK. European Journal of Communication. 2013 Dec;28(6):630–45.
100.
Philo G, Briant E, Donald P. The role of the press in the war on asylum. Race & Class. 2013 Oct;55(2):28–41.
101.
Roggeband C, Vliegenthart R. Divergent framing: The public debate on migration in the Dutch parliament and media, 1995–2004. West European Politics. 2007 May;30(3):524–48.
102.
Rose M, Baumgartner FR. Framing the Poor: Media Coverage and U.S. Poverty Policy, 1960-2008. Policy Studies Journal. 2013 Feb;41(1):22–53.
103.
Semetko HA, Valkenburg PMV. Framing European politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News. Journal of Communication. 2000 Jun 1;50(2):93–109.
104.
Smith D, Deacon D. Immigration and the British news media: Continuity or change? Sociology Compass. 2018 Sep;12(9).
105.
American Behavioral Scientist : Special Issue Title: Framing Irregular Immigration in Western Media: Voices, Stories and Audience Impact. 2015;59(7). Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/absb/59/7
106.
Van Gorp B. Where is the Frame? European Journal of Communication. 2005 Dec;20(4):484–507.
107.
Johnston H, Noakes JA, Ebooks Corporation Limited. Frames of protest: social movements and the framing perspective [Internet]. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc; 2005. Available from: http://www.GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1322109
108.
Wolfsfeld G. Making sense of media and politics: five principles in political communication [Internet]. New York: Routledge; 2011. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874
109.
Bennett WL, Lawrence RG, Livingston S. None Dare Call It Torture: Indexing and the Limits of Press Independence in the Abu Ghraib Scandal. Journal of Communication. 2006 Sep 1;56(3):467–85.
110.
Entman RM. Cascading Activation: Contesting the White House’s Frame After 9/11. Political Communication. 2003 Oct;20(4):415–32.
111.
Shehata A. Facing the Muhammad Cartoons: Official Dominance and Event-Driven News in Swedish and American Elite Press. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. 2007 Oct;12(4):131–53.
112.
Entman RM, Usher N. Framing in a Fractured Democracy: Impacts of Digital Technology on Ideology, Power and Cascading Network Activation. Journal of Communication. 2018 Apr 1;68(2):298–308.
113.
Bennett WL. Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States. Journal of Communication. 1990 Jun 1;40(2):103–27.
114.
Bennett WL, Livingston S. Editors’ Introduction: A Semi-Independent Press: Government Control and Journalistic Autonomy in the Political Construction of News. Political Communication. 2003 Oct;20(4):359–62.
115.
Kenski K, Jamieson KH, editors. The Oxford handbook of political communication [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001
116.
Ciboh R. Journalists and Political Sources in Nigeria. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2017 Apr;22(2):185–201.
117.
Cook TE. Governing with the news: the news media as a political institution. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2005.
118.
Beharrell P, Hoggart R, Glasgow Media Group. Bad news: Volume 1 [Internet]. Abingdon: Routledge; 2010. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480
119.
Beharrell P, Hoggart R, Glasgow Media Group. Bad news: Volume 1 [Internet]. Abingdon: Routledge; 2010. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=455480
120.
Lawrence RG. Framing Obesity. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. 2004 Jul;9(3):56–75.
121.
Lundström R. Framing fraud: Discourse on benefit cheating in Sweden and the UK. European Journal of Communication. 2013 Dec;28(6):630–45.
122.
Miller D. Official sources and `primary definition’: the case of Northern Ireland. Media, Culture & Society. 1993 Jul;15(3):385–406.
123.
Philo G, Briant E, Donald P. The role of the press in the war on asylum. Race & Class. 2013 Oct;55(2):28–41.
124.
Semetko HA, Valkenburg PMV. Framing European politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News. Journal of Communication. 2000 Jun 1;50(2):93–109.
125.
Carragee KM, Roefs W. The Neglect of Power in Recent Framing Research. Journal of Communication. 2004 Jun 1;54(2):214–33.
126.
Chong D, Druckman JN. Framing Theory. Annual Review of Political Science. 2007 Jun;10(1):103–26.
127.
Semetko HA, Scammell M. The SAGE handbook of political communication. London: SAGE; 2012.
128.
Entman RM. Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication. 1993 Dec 1;43(4):51–8.
129.
Gamson WA, Croteau D, Hoynes W, Sasson T. Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality. Annual Review of Sociology [Internet]. 1992;18. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083459
130.
Gamson W, Ryan C. Thinking about Elephants. Toward a Dialogue with George Lakoff. Public Eye Magazine [Internet]. 2005; Available from: http://www.publiceye.org/magazine/v19n2/gamson_elephants.html
131.
Goffman E. Frame analysis: an essay on the organization of experience. Northeastern University Press ed. Boston: Northeastern University Press; 1986.
132.
Pan Z, Kosicki G. Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse. Political Communication. 1993;10(1):55–75.
133.
Perloff RM. The dynamics of political communication: media and politics in a digital age [Internet]. Second edition. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group; 2018. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5108778
134.
Reese SD, Gandy OH, Grant AE. Framing public life: perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2003.
135.
Van Gorp B. The Constructionist Approach to Framing: Bringing Culture Back In. Journal of Communication. 2007 Mar;57(1):60–78.
136.
Vliegenthart R, van Zoonen L. Power to the frame: Bringing sociology back to frame analysis. European Journal of Communication. 2011 Jun;26(2):101–15.
137.
Bucy EP, Holbert RL. Sourcebook for political communication research: methods, measures, and analytical techniques. New York: Routledge; 2011.
138.
Matthes J, Kohring M. The Content Analysis of Media Frames: Toward Improving Reliability and Validity. Journal of Communication. 2008 Jun;58(2):258–79.
139.
Murray R. Cracking the highest glass ceiling: a global comparison of women’s campaigns for executive office [Internet]. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger Publishers; 2010. Available from: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780313382499
140.
Harp D, Loke J, Bachmann I. Hillary Clinton’s Benghazi Hearing Coverage: Political Competence, Authenticity, and the Persistence of the Double Bind. Women’s Studies in Communication. 2016 Apr 2;39(2):193–210.
141.
Higgins M, McKay FM. Gender and the development of a political persona: The case of Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon. British Politics. 2016 Sep;11(3):283–300.
142.
Miller MK, Peake JS. Press Effects, Public Opinion, and Gender. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2013 Oct;18(4):482–507.
143.
McGregor SC, Lawrence RG, Cardona A. Personalization, gender, and social media: gubernatorial candidates’ social media strategies. Information, Communication & Society. 2017 Feb;20(2):264–83.
144.
Meeks L. Is She "Man Enough”? Women Candidates, Executive Political Offices, and News Coverage. Journal of Communication. 2012 Feb;62(1):175–93.
145.
Perry S. Gender Difference in French PoliticalCommunication: From Handicap to Asset? Modern & Contemporary France. 2005 Aug;13(3):337–52.
146.
Ward O. Intersectionality and Press Coverage of Political Campaigns. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2017 Jan;22(1):43–66.
147.
Counting Women In - Centre for Women and Democracy [Internet]. Available from: http://www.cfwd.org.uk/current-projects/counting-women-in
148.
Women and Journalism | Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism [Internet]. Available from: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/women-and-journalism
149.
Aaldering L, Van Der Pas DJ. Political Leadership in the Media: Gender Bias in Leader Stereotypes during Campaign and Routine Times. British Journal of Political Science. 2018 Mar 5;1–21.
150.
Aday S, Devitt J. Style over Substance: Newspaper Coverage of Elizabeth Dole’s Presidential Bid. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. 2001 Mar;6(2):52–73.
151.
Adcock C. The Politician, The Wife, The Citizen, and her Newspaper. Feminist Media Studies. 2010 Jun;10(2):135–59.
152.
Bachmann I, Harp D, Loke J. Covering Clinton (2010–2015): meaning-making strategies in US magazine covers. Feminist Media Studies. 2018 Sep 3;18(5):793–809.
153.
Bauer NM. Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support Female Candidates. Political Psychology. 2015 Dec;36(6):691–708.
154.
Campus D. Women political leaders and the media [Internet]. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2013. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.palgraveconnect.com/doifinder/10.1057/9781137295545
155.
Carroll SJ. Reflections on Gender and Hillary Clinton’s Presidential Campaign: The Good, the Bad, and the Misogynic. Politics & Gender. 2009 Mar;5(01).
156.
Craig SC, Rippere PS. He Said, She Said: The Impact of Candidate Gender in Negative Campaigns. Politics & Gender. 2016 Jun;12(02):391–414.
157.
Dunaway J, Lawrence RG, Rose M, Weber CR. Traits versus Issues. Political Research Quarterly. 2013 Sep;66(3):715–26.
158.
Escobar-Lemmon MC, Hoekstra V, Kang A, Kittilson MC. Just the Facts? Media Coverage of Female and Male High Court Appointees in Five Democracies. Politics & Gender. 2016 Jun;12(02):254–74.
159.
Fahey AC. French and Feminine: Hegemonic Masculinity and the Emasculation of John Kerry in the 2004 Presidential Race. Critical Studies in Media Communication. 2007 Jun;24(2):132–50.
160.
Calhoun CJ. Habermas and the public sphere. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press; 1992.
161.
Garcia-Blanco I, Wahl-Jorgensen K. The Discursive Construction of Women Politicians in the European Press. Feminist Media Studies. 2012 Sep;12(3):422–41.
162.
Hayes D, Lawless JL. A Non-Gendered Lens? Media, Voters, and Female Candidates in Contemporary Congressional Elections. Perspectives on Politics. 2015 Mar;13(01):95–118.
163.
Hayes D, Lawless JL. Women on the run: gender, media, and political campaigns in a polarized era. New York NY: Cambridge University Press; 2016.
164.
Heflick NA, Goldenberg JL. Objectifying Sarah Palin: Evidence that objectification causes women to be perceived as less competent and less fully human. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2009 May;45(3):598–601.
165.
Heflick NA, Goldenberg JL, Cooper DP, Puvia E. From women to objects: Appearance focus, target gender, and perceptions of warmth, morality and competence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2011 May;47(3):572–81.
166.
Jamieson KH. Beyond the double bind: women and leadership. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1995.
167.
Kahn KF. The political consequences of being a woman: how stereotypes influence the conduct and consequences of political campaigns. New York: Columbia University Press; 1996.
168.
Kittilson MC, Fridkin K. Gender, Candidate Portrayals and Election Campaigns: A Comparative Perspective. Politics & Gender. 2008 Sep;4(03).
169.
Lachover E. Signs of change in media representation of women in Israeli politics: Leading and peripheral women contenders. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism. 2017 Apr;18(4):446–63.
170.
Lawrence RG, Rose M. Hillary Clinton’s race for the White House: gender politics and the media on the campaign trail. Boulder, Colo: Lynne Rienner Publishers; 2010.
171.
Ross K, Comrie M. The rules of the (leadership) game: Gender, politics and news. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism. 2012 Nov;13(8):969–84.
172.
Meeks L. Getting Personal: Effects of Twitter Personalization on Candidate Evaluations. Politics & Gender. 2017 Mar;13(01):1–25.
173.
Semetko HA, Boomgaarden HG. Reporting Germany’s 2005 Bundestag Election Campaign: Was Gender an Issue? Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics. 2007 Oct;12(4):154–71.
174.
Thomas ML, Bittner A, editors. Mothers and others: the role of parenthood in politics. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press; 2018.
175.
Trimble L, Wagner A, Sampert S, Raphael D, Gerrits B. Is It Personal? Gendered Mediation in Newspaper Coverage of Canadian National Party Leadership Contests, 1975–2012. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2013 Oct;18(4):462–81.
176.
Trimble L, Raphael D, Sampert S, Wagner A, Gerrits B. Politicizing Bodies: Hegemonic Masculinity, Heteronormativity, and Racism in News Representations of Canadian Political Party Leadership Candidates. Women’s Studies in Communication. 2015 Jul 3;38(3):314–30.
177.
Trimble LJ (Linda J. Ms. Prime Minister: gender, media, and leadership. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press; 2017.
178.
Valenzuela S, Correa T. Press Coverage and Public Opinion On Women Candidates. International Communication Gazette. 2009 Apr;71(3):203–23.
179.
Zoonen L van. Entertaining the citizen: when politics and popular culture converge. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield; 2005.
180.
Wagner A, Trimble L, Sampert S, Gerrits B. Gender, Competitiveness, and Candidate Visibility in Newspaper Coverage of Canadian Party Leadership Contests. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2017 Oct;22(4):471–89.
181.
Ward O. Seeing Double: Race, Gender, and Coverage of Minority Women’s Campaigns for the U.S. House of Representatives. Politics & Gender. 2016 Jun;12(02):317–43.
182.
Wasburn PC, Wasburn MH. Media coverage of women in politics: The curious case of Sarah Palin. Media, Culture & Society. 2011 Oct;33(7):1027–41.
183.
Kenski K, Jamieson KH, editors. The Oxford handbook of political communication [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.001.0001
184.
Wolfsfeld G. Making sense of media and politics: five principles in political communication [Internet]. New York: Routledge; 2011. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874
185.
Boczkowski PJ, Papacharissi Z, editors. **Trump and the media [Internet]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press; 2018. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880
186.
W. Lance Bennett, Shanto Iyengar. A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication. Journal of Communication. 2008 Dec;58(4):707–31.
187.
Heinz Brandenburg, Marcel Van Egmond. Pressed into Party Support? Media Influence on Partisan Attitudes during the 2005 UK General Election Campaign. British Journal of Political Science. 2012 Apr;42(02):441–63.
188.
Curran J. Media and power [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2002. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203417744
189.
D. T. Denver. Elections and voters in Britain. 3rd ed. Vol. Series: Contemporary Political Studies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2012.
190.
David M. Farrell & Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck, editor. Do political campaigns matter?: campaign effects in elections and referendums. London: Routledge; 2002.
191.
Iyengar S, Kinder DR. News that matters: television and American opinion. Updated ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2010.
192.
Kathleen Hall Jamieson. Everything you think you know about politics-- and why you’re wrong. New York: Basic Books; 2000.
193.
Paul Felix Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, Hazel Gaudet. The people’s choice: how the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. 3d ed. New York: Columbia University Press; 1965.
194.
Paul Manning. News and news sources: a critical introduction. London: SAGE; 2001.
195.
Doris A. Graber. Media power in politics. 6th ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press; 2011.
196.
William Lockley Miller. Media and voters: the audience, content and influence of press and television at the 1987 General Election. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1991.
197.
Diana Carole Mutz. Impersonal influence: how perceptions of mass collectives affect political attitudes. Vol. Series: Cambridge studies in political psychology and public opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998.
198.
D. C. Mutz, L. Young. Communication and Public Opinion: Plus Ca Change? Public Opinion Quarterly. 2011 Dec 1;75(5):1018–44.
199.
NEWTON K. May the weak force be with you: The power of the mass media in modern politics. European Journal of Political Research. 2006 Mar;45(2):209–34.
200.
Pippa Norris. On message: communicating the campaign. London: Sage; 1999.
201.
Samuel L. Popkin. The reasoning voter: communication and persuasion in presidential campaigns. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1991.
202.
John Street. Mass media, politics, and democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave; 2001.
203.
Lynn Vavreck. The message matters: the economy and presidential campaigns [Internet]. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2009. Available from: http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781400830480
204.
Lynda Lee Kaid. Handbook of political communication research. Vol. Series: LEA’s communication series. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2004.
205.
Lawrence Leduc. Opinion change and voting behaviour in referendums. European Journal of Political Research. 2002 Oct;41(6):711–32.
206.
Schuck ART, de Vreese CH. Reversed Mobilization in Referendum Campaigns: How Positive News Framing Can Mobilize the Skeptics. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2008 Nov 3;14(1):40–66.
207.
C. H. de Vreese, Holli A. Semetko. Political campaigning in referendums: framing the referendum issue. Vol. Series: Routledge research in political communication. London: Routledge; 2004.
208.
C. H. de Vreese. The dynamics of referendum campaigns: an international perspective [Internet]. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2007. Available from: http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780230591189
209.
M. Wettstein. Frame Adoption in Referendum Campaigns: The Effect of News Coverage on the Public Salience of Issue Interpretations. American Behavioral Scientist. 2012 Mar 1;56(3):318–33.
210.
Chadwick A. **The hybrid media system: politics and power [Internet]. Second edition. New York: Oxford University Press; 2017. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.001.0001
211.
Grasseger H, Krogerus M. The Data That Turned the World Upside Down. Motherboard [Internet]. 2017; Available from: https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/mg9vvn/how-our-likes-helped-trump-win
212.
Baldwin-Philippi J. The Myths of Data-Driven Campaigning. Political Communication. 2017 Oct 2;34(4):627–33.
213.
50,000 Heck*ng Facebook Ad Variants?! – Steve Olson – Medium. Available from: https://medium.com/@steveolson/50-000-heck-ng-facebook-ad-variants-31eed233ac4a
214.
Chadwick A, Howard PN, Dawson Books. Routledge handbook of internet politics [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2010. Available from: http://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780203962541
215.
Vaccari C, Ebooks Corporation Limited. Digital politics in Western democracies: a comparative study [Internet]. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3318750
216.
Klinger U, Russmann U. "Beer is more efficient than social media”—Political parties and strategic communication in Austrian and Swiss national elections. Journal of Information Technology & Politics. 2017 Oct 2;14(4):299–313.
217.
Magin M, Podschuweit N, Haßler J, Russmann U. Campaigning in the fourth age of political communication. A multi-method study on the use of Facebook by German and Austrian parties in the 2013 national election campaigns. Information, Communication & Society. 2017 Nov 2;20(11):1698–719.
218.
Theviot A. Towards a standardization of campaign strategies dictated by the Obama ‘model’? The case of ‘American-style’ canvassing during the 2012 French presidential election campaign. French Politics. 2016 Jun;14(2):158–77.
219.
Digital-Born and Legacy News Media on Twitter during the UK General Election [Internet]. Available from: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-11/Digital-Born%20and%20Legacy%20News%20Media%20UK%20Factsheet.pdf
220.
Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2016. Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2016 [Internet]. Available from: https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/journal/41253/14/2
221.
Jungherr A. Four Functions of Digital Tools in Election Campaigns. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2016 Jul;21(3):358–77.
222.
Magin M, Podschuweit N, Haßler J, Russmann U. Campaigning in the fourth age of political communication. A multi-method study on the use of Facebook by German and Austrian parties in the 2013 national election campaigns. Information, Communication & Society. 2017 Nov 2;20(11):1698–719.
223.
Magin M, Podschuweit N, Haßler J, Russmann U. Campaigning in the fourth age of political communication. A multi-method study on the use of Facebook by German and Austrian parties in the 2013 national election campaigns. Information, Communication & Society. 2017 Nov 2;20(11):1698–719.
224.
Dommett K, Temple L. Digital Campaigning: The Rise of Facebook and Satellite Campaigns. Parliamentary Affairs. 2018 Mar 1;71(suppl_1):189–202.
225.
Wring D, Mortimore R, Atkinson S, editors. Political Communication in Britain [Internet]. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-40934-4
226.
Holtz-Bacha C, Just MR. Routledge handbook of political advertising [Internet]. New York, NY: Routledge; 2017. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315694504
227.
Alexander JC. The performance of politics: Obama’s victory and the democratic struggle for power [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744466.001.0001
228.
Boczkowski PJ, Papacharissi Z, editors. Trump and the media [Internet]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press; 2018. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880
229.
Enli G. Twitter as arena for the authentic outsider: exploring the social media campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election. European Journal of Communication. 2017 Feb;32(1):50–61.
230.
Karpf D. Digital politics after Trump. Annals of the International Communication Association. 2017 Apr 3;41(2):198–207.
231.
Faris RM, Roberts H, Etling B, Bourassa N, Zuckerman E, Benkler Y. Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. 2017; Available from: https://cyber.harvard.edu/publications/2017/08/mediacloud
232.
Issenberg S. The victory lab: the secret science of winning campaigns. First paperback edition. New York: B/D/W/Y, Broadway Books; 2013.
233.
Kim YM, Hsu J, Neiman D, Kou C, Bankston L, Kim SY, et al. The stealth media? Groups and targets behind divisive issue campaigns on Facebook. Political Communication. 2018 Oct 2;35(4):515–41.
234.
Kreiss D, McGregor SC. Technology firms shape political communication: The work of Microsoft, Facebook, Twitter, and Google with campaigns during the 2016 US presidential cycle. Political Communication. 2018 Apr 3;35(2):155–77.
235.
Kreiss D. Trump, Breitbart, and the Rejection of Multicultural Democracy – Medium. 2017; Available from: https://medium.com/@dkreiss/trump-breitbart-and-the-rejection-of-multicultural-democracy-90f3f776bebd
236.
Lawrence RG, Boydstun AE. What We Should Really Be Asking About Media Attention to Trump. Political Communication. 2017 Jan 2;34(1):150–3.
237.
Lilleker D, Jackson D, Thorsen E, Veneti A, editors. US Election Analysis 2016: Media, Voters and the Campaign [Internet]. Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK; 2016. Available from: http://www.electionanalysis2016.us/
238.
Patterson TE. Pre-Primary News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Race: Trump’s Rise, Sanders’ Emergence, Clinton’s Struggle - Shorenstein Centre on Media, Politics and Public Policy. 2016; Available from: https://shorensteincenter.org/pre-primary-news-coverage-2016-trump-clinton-sanders
239.
Penney J. Social Media and Citizen Participation in "Official” and "Unofficial” Electoral Promotion: A Structural Analysis of the 2016 Bernie Sanders Digital Campaign. Journal of Communication. 2017 Jun;67(3):402–23.
240.
Sides J, Farrell H. The Science of Trump: Explaining the Rise of an Unlikely Candidate [Internet]. The Monkey Cage; 2016. Available from: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Science-Trump-Explaining-Unlikely-Candidate-ebook/dp/B01IL9DTG8
241.
Boczkowski PJ, Papacharissi Z, editors. Trump and the media [Internet]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press; 2018. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880
242.
Wells C, Shah DV, Pevehouse JC, Yang J, Pelled A, Boehm F, et al. How Trump Drove Coverage to the Nomination: Hybrid Media Campaigning. Political Communication. 2016 Oct;33(4):669–76.
243.
Blumler JG. Guest contribution by Jay G. Blumler: "The Fourth Age of Political Communication” [Internet]. 2013. Available from: http://www.fgpk.de/en/2013/gastbeitrag-von-jay-g-blumler-the-fourth-age-of-political-communication-2/
244.
Downs WM. There Goes the Neighbourhood? The ‘Americanisation’ of Elections, with Evidence from Scotland’s Parliament. Parliamentary Affairs. 2012 Oct 1;65(4):758–77.
245.
Caramani D, editor. Comparative politics. Fourth edition. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press; 2017.
246.
Esser F, Pfetsch B. Comparing political communication: theories, cases, and challenges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2004.
247.
Holtz-Bacha C, Just MR. Routledge handbook of political advertising [Internet]. New York, NY: Routledge; 2017. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315694504
248.
Norris P. A virtuous circle: political communications in postindustrial societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000.
249.
Scammell M. Consumer democracy: the marketing of politics [Internet]. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2014. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139046107
250.
Strömbäck J, Kaid LL. The handbook of election news coverage around the world. New York: Routledge; 2008.
251.
Reinemann C, editor. Political communication. Vol. volume 18. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton; 2014.
252.
Swanson DL, Mancini P. Politics, media, and modern democracy: an international study of innovations in electoral campaigning and their consequences. Westport, Conn: Praeger; 1996.
253.
Tenscher J, Mykkänen J, Moring T. Modes of professional campaigning: A four country comparison in the European parliamentary elections, 2009. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2012 Apr;17(2):145–68.
254.
Tenscher J, Koc-Michalska K, Lilleker DG, Mykkänen J, Walter AS, Findor A, et al. The professionals speak: Practitioners’ perspectives on professional election campaigning. European Journal of Communication. 2016 Apr;31(2):95–119.
255.
West DM, Brookings Institution. Air wars: television advertising and social media in election campaigns, 1952-2016. 7 edition. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE/CQ Press; 2018.
256.
Baldwin-Philippi J. Using technology, building democracy: digital campaigning and the construction of citizenship [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 2015. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190231910.001.0001
257.
Bennett WL, Segerberg A, Knüpfer CB. The democratic interface: technology, political organization, and diverging patterns of electoral representation. Information, Communication & Society. 2018 Nov 2;21(11):1655–80.
258.
Bruns A, Enli G, Skogerbø E, Larsson AO, Christensen C, editors. The Routledge companion to social media and politics [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2015. Available from: http://GLA.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=4218813
259.
Chadwick A, Stromer-Galley J, editors. Special Issue Title: Digital Media, Power, and Democracy in Election Campaigns. The International Journal of Press/Politics [Internet]. 21(3). Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/hijb/21/3
260.
Dimitrova DV, Matthes J. Social Media in Political Campaigning Around the World: Theoretical and Methodological Challenges. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 2018 Jun;95(2):333–42.
261.
Freelon D, Karpf D. Of big birds and bayonets: hybrid Twitter interactivity in the 2012 Presidential debates. Information, Communication & Society. 2015 Apr 3;18(4):390–406.
262.
Gibson RK, McAllister I. Normalising or equalising party competition? Assessing the impact of the web on election campaigning. Political Studies. 2015 Aug;63(3):529–47.
263.
Karpf D. The MoveOn effect: the unexpected transformation of American political advocacy [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199898367.001.0001
264.
Karpf D. Analytic activism: digital listening and the new political strategy [Internet]. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2016. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190266127.001.0001
265.
Kreiss D. Taking our country back: the crafting of networked politics from Howard Dean to Barack Obama [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199782536.001.0001
266.
Coleman S, Freelon D, editors. Handbook of digital politics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited; 2015.
267.
Kreiss D. Prototype politics: technology-intense campaigning and the data of democracy [Internet]. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2016. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199350247.001.0001
268.
Kreiss D. Seizing the moment: The presidential campaigns’ use of Twitter during the 2012 electoral cycle. New Media & Society. 2016 Sep;18(8):1473–90.
269.
Lilleker DG, Jackson NA. Political campaigning, elections and the internet: comparing the US, UK, France and Germany. Vol. 4. London: Routledge; 2011.
270.
Lilleker DG, Tenscher J, Štětka V. Towards hypermedia campaigning? Perceptions of new media’s importance for campaigning by party strategists in comparative perspective. Information, Communication & Society. 2015 Jul 3;18(7):747–65.
271.
Nielsen RK. Ground wars: personalized communication in political campaigns. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; 2012.
272.
Stromer-Galley J. Presidential campaigning in the Internet age [Internet]. New York: Oxford University Press; 2014. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731930.001.0001
273.
Vaccari C. From echo chamber to persuasive device? Rethinking the role of the Internet in campaigns. New Media & Society. 2013 Feb;15(1):109–27.
274.
Vaccari C. Digital politics in Western democracies: a comparative study [Internet]. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=3318750
275.
Fisher J, editor. The Routledge handbook of elections, voting behavior and public opinion [Internet]. London, [England]: Routledge; 2018. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315712390
276.
Dawson Books. Populist political communication in Europe [Internet]. Aalberg T, Esser F, Strömbäck J, Vreese CH de, editors. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Routledge; 2017. Available from: https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9781315623016
277.
US Election Analysis 2016 [Internet]. Available from: http://www.electionanalysis2016.us/us-election-analysis-2016/introduction/
278.
Mark Rice-Oxley. How to spot a populist. Guardian [Internet]. 2018 Dec 3; Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/dec/03/what-is-populism-trump-farage-orban-bolsonaro
279.
Ernst N, Esser F, Blassnig S, Engesser S. Favorable Opportunity Structures for Populist Communication: Comparing Different Types of Politicians and Issues in Social Media, Television and the Press. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2018 Dec 22;
280.
Wettstein M, Esser F, Schulz A, Wirz DS, Wirth W. News Media as Gatekeepers, Critics, and Initiators of Populist Communication: How Journalists in Ten Countries Deal with the Populist Challenge. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2018 Oct;23(4):476–95.
281.
Albertazzi D, McDonnell D. Twenty-first century populism: the spectre of Western European democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2008.
282.
Elena Block. The Populist Communication Style: Toward a Critical Framework. International Journal of Communication [Internet]. 2017;11. Available from: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5820
283.
Bos L, van der Brug W, de Vreese C. How the Media Shape Perceptions of Right-Wing Populist Leaders. Political Communication. 2011 Apr 28;28(2):182–206.
284.
Bos L, Brants K. Populist rhetoric in politics and media: A longitudinal study of the Netherlands. European Journal of Communication. 2014 Dec;29(6):703–19.
285.
de Vreese CH, Esser F, Aalberg T, Reinemann C, Stanyer J. Populism as an Expression of Political Communication Content and Style: A New Perspective. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2018 Oct;23(4):423–38.
286.
Jagers J, Walgrave S. Populism as political communication style: An empirical study of political parties’ discourse in Belgium. European Journal of Political Research. 2007 May;46(3):319–45.
287.
Jensen MJ, Bang HP. Populism and Connectivism: An Analysis of the Sanders and Trump Nomination Campaigns. Journal of Political Marketing. 2017 Oct 2;16(3–4):343–64.
288.
Kavada A. Editorial: media and the ‘populist moment’. Media, Culture & Society. 2018 Jul;40(5):742–4.
289.
ProQuest (Firm). Trump and the media [Internet]. Boczkowski PJ, Papacharissi Z, editors. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press; 2018. Available from: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=5326880
290.
Mazzoleni G, Stewart J, Horsfield B. The media and neo-populism: a contemporary comparative analysis. Westport, Conn: Praeger; 2003.
291.
Murphy J, Devine D. Does Media Coverage Drive Public Support for UKIP or Does Public Support for UKIP Drive Media Coverage? British Journal of Political Science. 2018 Jul 31;1–18.
292.
Rooduijn M. The Mesmerising Message: The Diffusion of Populism in Public Debates in Western European Media. Political Studies. 2014 Dec;62(4):726–44.
293.
Thesen G. News content and populist radical right party support. The case of Denmark. Electoral Studies. 2018 Dec;56:80–9.
294.
Vliegenthart R, Boomgaarden HG, Van Spanje J. Anti-Immigrant Party Support and Media Visibility: A Cross-Party, Over-Time Perspective. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties. 2012 Aug;22(3):315–58.
295.
Wirth W. The appeal of populist ideas, strategies and styles: A theoretical model and research design for analyzing populist political communication — NCCR Democracy [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://www.nccr-democracy.uzh.ch/publications/workingpaper/wp88
296.
Wood M, Corbett J, Flinders M. Just like us: Everyday celebrity politicians and the pursuit of popularity in an age of anti-politics. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 2016 Aug;18(3):581–98.
297.
Political populism: a handbook, Heinisch: Christina Holtz-Bacha, Oscar Mazzoleni (eds.). 1st edition. Vol. Band 3. Baden-Baden: Nomos; 2017.
298.
Inglehart R, Norris P. Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2016;
299.
Rovira Kaltwasser C, Taggart PA, Ochoa Espejo P, Ostiguy P, editors. The Oxford handbook of populism [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2017. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.001.0001
300.
Müller JW. What is populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 2016.
301.
March L. Left and right populism compared: The British case. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 2017 May;19(2):282–303.
302.
Moffitt B, Tormey S. Rethinking Populism: Politics, Mediatisation and Political Style. Political Studies. 2014 Jun;62(2):381–97.
303.
Mudde C. The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition. 2004 Sep;39(4):542–63.
304.
Mudde C, Rovira Kaltwasser C. Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat or Corrective for Democracy? [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2012. Available from: http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139152365
305.
Mudde C, Rovira Kaltwasser C. Populism: a very short introduction. Vol. 510. New York: Oxford University Press; 2017.
306.
Oliver JE, Rahn WM. Rise of the. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2016 Sep;667(1):189–206.
307.
Pauwels T. Measuring Populism: A Quantitative Text Analysis of Party Literature in Belgium. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties. 2011 Feb;21(1):97–119.
308.
Rooduijn M, Pauwels T. Measuring Populism: Comparing Two Methods of Content Analysis. West European Politics. 2011 Nov;34(6):1272–83.
309.
Snow D, Moffitt B. Straddling the divide: mainstream populism and conservatism in Howard’s Australia and Harper’s Canada. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 2012 Jul;50(3):271–92.
310.
Stoker G, Hay C. Understanding and Challenging Populist Negativity towards Politics: The Perspectives of British Citizens. Political Studies. 2017 Mar;65(1):4–23.
311.
Weyland K. Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics. Comparative Politics. 2001 Oct;34(1).
312.
Sevenans J. One concept, many interpretations: the media’s causal roles in political agenda-setting processes. European Political Science Review. 2018 May;10(02):245–65.
313.
Wolfsfeld G. Making sense of media and politics: five principles in political communication [Internet]. New York: Routledge; 2011. Available from: https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780203839874
314.
Dekker R, Scholten P. Framing the Immigration Policy Agenda. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2017 Apr;22(2):202–22.
315.
Elmelund-Præstekær C, Wien C. What’s the Fuss About? The Interplay of Media Hypes and Politics. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2008 Jul;13(3):247–66.
316.
Ihlen Ø, Thorbjørnsrud K. Making news and influencing decisions: Three threshold cases concerning forced return of immigrants. European Journal of Communication. 2014 Apr;29(2):139–52.
317.
Melenhorst L. The Media’s Role in Lawmaking. The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2015 Jul;20(3):297–316.
318.
Milne K. Manufacturing dissent : single-issue protest, the public and the press [Internet]. Demos; 2005. Available from: https://www.demos.co.uk/files/manufacturingdissent.pdf
319.
Robinson P. Theorizing the Influence of Media on World Politics. European Journal of Communication. 2001 Dec;16(4):523–44.
320.
Aday S, Livingston S. Taking the state out of state—media relations theory: how transnational advocacy networks are changing the press—state dynamic. Media, War & Conflict. 2008 Apr;1(1):99–107.
321.
Reinemann C, editor. Political communication. Vol. volume 18. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton; 2014.
322.
Van Aelst P, Walgrave S. Information and Arena: The Dual Function of the News Media for Political Elites. Journal of Communication. 2016 Jun;66(3):496–518.
323.
Iyengar S, Reeves R. Do the media govern?: politicians, voters, and reporters in America. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications; 1997.
324.
Schnell KC Frauke. Assessing the Democratic Debate: How the News Media Frame Elite Policy Discourse. Political Communication. 2001 Apr;18(2):183–213.
325.
Joly J. Do the Media Influence Foreign Aid Because or in Spite of the Bureaucracy? A Case Study of Belgian Aid Determinants. Political Communication. 2014 Oct 2;31(4):584–603.
326.
Jones BD, Baumgartner FR. From There to Here: Punctuated Equilibrium to the General Punctuation Thesis to a Theory of Government Information Processing. Policy Studies Journal. 2012 Feb;40(1):1–20.
327.
Kennamer JD. Public opinion, the press, and public policy. Paperback ed. Westport, Conn: Praeger; 1994.
328.
Kingdon JW. Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. 2nd ed. New York: Longman; 2003.
329.
Koch-Baumgarten S, Voltmer K. Public policy and mass media: the interplay of mass communication and political decision making [Internet]. Vol. 66. London: Routledge/ECPR; 2010. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=257161&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth
330.
Koch-Baumgarten S, Voltmer K. Public policy and mass media: the interplay of mass communication and political decision making. Vol. 66. London: Routledge/ECPR; 2010.
331.
Page BI, Shapiro RY. The rational public: fifty years of trends in Americans’ policy preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1992.
332.
Walgrave S, Soroka S, Nuytemans M. The Mass Media’s Political Agenda-Setting Power. Comparative Political Studies. 2008 Jun;41(6):814–36.
333.
Walgrave S, Van Aelst P. The Contingency of the Mass Media’s Political Agenda Setting Power: Toward a Preliminary Theory. Journal of Communication. 2006 Mar 1;56(1):88–109.
334.
Yanovitzky I. Effects of News Coverage on Policy Attention and Actions. Communication Research. 2002 Aug;29(4):422–51.
335.
Bennett WL, Paletz DL. Taken by storm: the media, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy in the Gulf War. Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1994.
336.
Gilboa E. The CNN Effect: The Search for a Communication Theory of International Relations. Political Communication. 2005 Feb 16;22(1):27–44.
337.
Livingston S. Clarifying the CNN Effect: An Examination of Media Effects According to Type of Military Intervention - Shorenstein Center [Internet]. Vol. Research Paper R-18. The Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy; 1997. Available from: https://shorensteincenter.org/clarifying-the-cnn-effect-media-effects-and-military-intervention/
338.
Robinson P. The CNN effect: the myth of news foreign policy and intervention [Internet]. London: Routledge; 2002. Available from: http://lib.myilibrary.com/browse/open.asp?id=10716&entityid=https://idp.gla.ac.uk/shibboleth
339.
Robinson P. The CNN effect: the myth of news foreign policy and intervention. New York: Routledge; 2002.
340.
Wolfsfeld G. Media and political conflict: news from the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997.
