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Afigbo, Adiele E. ‘Africa and the Abolition of the Slave Trade’. The William and Mary Quarterly 66.4 (2009): 705–714. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40467537>.
Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku. Themes in West Africa’s History. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2006. Print.
Alpern, Stanley B. ‘What Africans Got for Their Slaves: A Master List of European Trade Goods’. History in Africa 22 (1995): 5–43. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171906>.
Anderson, Richard. ‘Uncovering Testimonies of Slavery and the Slave Trade in Missionary Sources: The SHADD Biographies Project and the CMS and MMS Archives for Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and the Gambia’. Slavery & Abolition 38.3 (2017): 620–644. Web.
Austen, Ralph A. African Economic History: Internal Development and External Dependency. London: James Currey, 1987. Print.
Austen, Ralph A., and Woodruff D. Smith. ‘Images of Africa and British Slave-Trade Abolition: The Transition to an Imperialist Ideology, 1787-1807’. African Historical Studies 2.1 (1969): n. pag. Web.
Baquaqua, Mahommah Gardo, Robin Law, and Paul E. Lovejoy. The Biography of Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua: His Passage from Slavery to Freedom in Africa and America. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publisher, 2007. Print.
Behrendt, Stephen D. ‘Markets, Transaction Cycles, and Profits: Merchant Decision Making in the British Slave Trade’. The William and Mary Quarterly 58.1 (2001): n. pag. Web.
---. The Diary of Antera Duke, an Eighteenth-Century African Slave Trader. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print.
Behrendt, Stephen D., and Eric J. Graham. ‘African Merchants, Notables and the Slave Trade at Old Calabar, 1720: Evidence from the National Archives of Scotland’. History in Africa 30 (2003): 37–61. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172081>.
Bellagamba, Alice, Sandra E. Greene, and Martin A. Klein. African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Print.
Bethell, Leslie. The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Question 1807-1869. Vol. 6. London: Cambridge U.P, 1970. Print.
Brown, Christopher Leslie. Moral Capital: Foundations of British Abolitionism. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2006. Print.
Candido, Mariana P. An African Slaving Port and the Atlantic World: Benguela and Its Hinterland. First paperback edition. Vol. 124. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Print.
Chadwyck-Healey, Inc. ‘House of Commons Parliamentary Papers’. Chadwyck-Healey, 2005. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://parlipapers.proquest.com/?accountid=14540>.
Clarence‐Smith, Gervase. ‘The Portuguese Contribution to the Cuban Slave and Coolie Trades in the Nineteenth Century’. Slavery & Abolition 5.1 (1984): 24–33. Web.
Clarence-Smith, W.C. ‘Emigration from Western Africa, 1807–1940’. Itinerario 14.01 (1990): n. pag. Print.
Clarence‐Smith, W.G. ‘Labour Conditions in the Plantations of São Tomé and Príncipe, 1875–1914’. Slavery & Abolition 14.1 (1993): 149–167. Web.
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---. The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action, 1780-1850. London: Macmillan, 1965. Print.
---. The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03231>.
Curto, José C. ‘Alcohol under the Context of the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Case of Benguela and Its Hinterland (Angola) ( L’alcool Dans Le Contexte de La Traite Altlantique d’esclaves. Le Cas de Benguela et de Son Arrière-Pays (Angola))’. Cahiers d’Études Africaines 51 (2011): 51–85. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41445418>.
Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Web. <https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780199726653>.
Devine, T. M. et al. Glasgow. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995. Print.
---, ed. Recovering Scotland’s Slavery Past: The Caribbean Connection. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. Print.
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Eltis, D. ‘The British Contribution to the Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Slave Trade’. The Economic History Review 32.2 (1979): n. pag. Web.
Eltis, David. Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Print.
Eltis, David, and David Richardson. Extending the Frontiers: Essays on the New Transatlantic Slave Trade Database. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, 2008. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300134360.001.0001>.
Eltis, David, David Richardson, and David Brion Davis. Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Ed. David W. Blight. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2010. Print.
Eltis, David, James Walvin, and Svend E. Green-Pedersen. The Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Origins and Effects in Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981. Print.
Equiano, Olaudah. The Interesting Narrative and Other Writings. Ed. Vincent Carretta. Revised edition. New York: Penguin Books, 2003. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1127301>.
Evans, Chris, and Göran Rydén. ‘“Voyage Iron”: An Atlantic Slave Trade Currency, Its European Origins, and West African Impact*’. Past & Present 239.1 (2018): 41–70. Web.
Ferreira, Roquinaldo. Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World: Angola and Brazil during the Era of the Slave Trade. no. 121. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139025096>.
Gemery, Henry A., and Jan S. Hogendorn. The Uncommon Market: Essays in the Economic History of the Atlantic Slave Trade. New York: Academic Press, 1979. Print.
Getz, Trevor R. Slavery and Reform in West Africa: Toward Emancipation in Nineteenth-Century Senegal and the Gold Coast. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004. Print.
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---. West African Narratives of Slavery: Texts from Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Ghana. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011. Print.
Harris, John A. E. ‘Circuits of Wealth, Circuits of Sorrow: Financing the Illegal Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Age of Suppression, 1850–66’. Journal of Global History 11.03 (2016): 409–429. Web.
Hawthorne, Walter. ‘Nourishing a Stateless Society during the Slave Trade: The Rise of Balanta Paddy-Rice Production in Guinea-Bissau’. The Journal of African History 42.1 (2001): 1–24. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3647213>.
Higgs, Catherine. Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, Slavery, and Colonial Africa. N.p. Print.
Hopkins, A. G. An Economic History of West Africa. [Harlow]: Longman, 1973. Print.
Inikori, J. E. Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England: A Study in International Trade and Development. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02605>.
---. ‘The Import of Firearms into West Africa 1750–1807: A Quantitative Analysis’. The Journal of African History 18.03 (1977): n. pag. Web.
Inikori, Joseph E. ‘Africa and the Globalization Process: Western Africa, 1450–1850’. Journal of Global History 2.01 (2007): n. pag. Web.
Isert, Paul Erdmann, and Selena Axelrod Winsnes. Letters on West Africa and the Slave Trade: Paul Erdmann Isert’s Journey to Guinea and the Carribean Islands in Columbia (1788). Legon, Accra, Ghana: Sub-Saharan Publishers, 2007. Print.
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---. Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage, and Emancipation in Modern Africa and Asia. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. Print.
---. Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage, and Emancipation in Modern Africa and Asia. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. Print.
---. Breaking the Chains: Slavery, Bondage, and Emancipation in Modern Africa and Asia. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. Print.
---. ‘Social and Economic Factors in the Muslim Revolution in Senegambia’. The Journal of African History 13.3 (1972): 419–441. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180588>.
Kobayashi, Kazuo. ‘Indian Textiles and Gum Arabic in the Lower Senegal River: Global Significance of Local Trade and Consumers in the Early Nineteenth Century’. African Economic History 45.2 (2017): 27–53. Web.
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Lambert, David. Mastering the Niger: James MacQueen’s African Geography and the Struggle over Atlantic Slavery. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press, 2013. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://chicago.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7208/chicago/9780226078236.001.0001/upso-9780226078069>.
Lambert, Sheila. ‘House of Commons Sessional Papers of the Eighteenth Century’. (1975): n. pag. Print.
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Law, Robin and University of Stirling. Centre of Commonwealth Studies. From Slave Trade to ‘legitimate’ Commerce: The Commercial Transition in Nineteenth-Century West Africa : Papers from a Conference of the Centre of Commonwealth Studies, University of Stirling. 1st pbk. ed. Vol. 86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.
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Livingstone, David. Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa: Including a Sketch of Sixteen Years’ Residence in the Interior of Africa and a Journey from the Cape of Good Hope to Loanda on the West Coast, Thence across the Continent, down the River Zambesi to the Eastern Ocean. London: J. Murray, 1857. Web. <https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044042795997;view=1up;seq=9>.
Lovejoy, Paul E. ‘Islam, Slavery, and Political Transformation in West Africa : Constraints on the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade’. Outre-mers 89.336 (2002): 247–282. Web.
---. ‘The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature’. The Journal of African History 30.03 (1989): n. pag. Web.
---. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. 3rd ed. Vol. 117. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print.
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Lovejoy, Paul E., and David Richardson. ‘The Business of Slaving: Pawnship in Western Africa, c. 1600-1810’. The Journal of African History 42.1 (2001): 67–89. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/business-of-slaving-pawnship-in-western-africa-c-16001810/BCF564EFACF2D4B27F89A6A9FDC0CBA3>.
---. ‘'This Horrid Hole’: Royal Authority, Commerce and Credit at Bonny, 1690-1840’. The Journal of African History 45.3 (2004): 363–392. Web.
---. ‘Trust, Pawnship, and Atlantic History: The Institutional Foundations of the Old Calabar Slave Trade’. The American Historical Review 104.2 (1999): n. pag. Web.
Lynn, Martin. ‘Change and Continuity in the British Palm Oil Trade with West Africa, 1830-55’. The Journal of African History 22.3 (1981): 331–348. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/181807>.
---. Commerce and Economic Change in West Africa: The Palm Oil Trade in the Nineteenth Century. First paperback edition. Vol. 93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.
---. ‘From Sail to Steam: The Impact of the Steamship Services on the British Palm Oil Trade with West Africa, 1850-1890’. The Journal of African History 30.2 (1989): 227–245. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/183066>.
---. ‘The “Imperialism of Free Trade” and the Case of West Africa, c.1830‐c.1870’. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 15.1 (1986): 22–40. Web.
MacGaffey, Wyatt. ‘Kongo Slavery Remembered by Themselves: Texts from 1915’. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 41.1 (2008): 55–76. Web. <http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40282456>.
Macola, Giacomo. ‘REASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FIREARMS IN CENTRAL AFRICA: THE CASE OF NORTH-WESTERN ZAMBIA TO THE 1920S’. The Journal of African History 51.3 (2010): 301–321. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23017720>.
Mann, Kristin. Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760-1900. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Press, 2010. Print.
Manning, Patrick. Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental and African Slave Trades. Vol. 67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Print.
Marques, João Pedro. The Sounds of Silence: Nineteenth-Century Portugal and the Abolition of the Slave Trade / João Pedro Marques ; Translated by Richard Wall. v. 4. New York: Berghahn Books, 2006. Print.
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Metcalf, George. ‘A Microcosm of Why Africans Sold Slaves: Akan Consumption Patterns in the 1770s.’ The Journal of African History 28.03 (1987): n. pag. Web.
Miers, Suzanne, and Richard L. Roberts. The End of Slavery in Africa. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. Print.
Miller, Joseph Calder. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade, 1730-1830. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. Web. <https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02634>.
Misevich, Philip, and Kristin Mann, eds. The Rise and Demise of Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Atlantic World. Volume 71. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2016. Print.
---, eds. The Rise and Demise of Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Atlantic World. Volume 71. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2016. Print.
---, eds. The Rise and Demise of Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Atlantic World. Volume 71. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2016. Print.
---, eds. The Rise and Demise of Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Atlantic World. Volume 71. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2016. Print.
---, eds. The Rise and Demise of Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Atlantic World. Volume 71. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2016. Print.
---, eds. The Rise and Demise of Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Atlantic World. Volume 71. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2016. Print.
---, eds. The Rise and Demise of Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Atlantic World. Volume 71. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2016. Print.
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---. Indentured Labor in the Age of Imperialism, 1834-1922. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print.
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Richardson, David. ‘Shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic Slave Trade’. The William and Mary Quarterly 58.1 (2001): n. pag. Web.
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---. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Rev. ed. Washington D.C.: Howard University Press, 1982. Print.
Rönnbäck, Klas. ‘Enlightenment, Scientific Exploration and Abolitionism: Anders Sparrman’s and Carl Bernhard Wadström’s Colonial Encounters in Senegal, 1787–1788 and the British Abolitionist Movement’. Slavery & Abolition 34.3 (2013): 425–445. Web.
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