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Austen RA. African economic history: internal development and external dependency. London: : James Currey 1987.
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Curtin PD. The rise and fall of the plantation complex: essays in Atlantic history. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: : Cambridge University Press 1998. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.03231
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Eltis D, Richardson D, Davis DB. Atlas of the transatlantic slave trade. New Haven, Connecticut: : Yale University Press 2010.
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Eltis D, Richardson D. Extending the frontiers: essays on the new transatlantic slave trade database. New Haven, Conn: : Yale University Press 2008. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300134360.001.0001
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Hopkins AG. An economic history of West Africa. [Harlow]: : Longman 1973.
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Inikori JE. Africa and the globalization process: western Africa, 1450–1850. Journal of Global History 2007;2. doi:10.1017/S1740022807002045
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Klein HS. The Atlantic slave trade. 2nd ed., New ed. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2010.
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Akyeampong EK. Themes in West Africa’s history. Athens: : Ohio University Press 2006.
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Misevich P, Mann K, editors. The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. Rochester, NY: : University of Rochester Press 2016.
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Manning P. Slavery and African life: occidental, oriental and African slave trades. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1990.
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Greene JP, Morgan PD. Atlantic history: a critical appraisal. New York: : Oxford University Press 2009.
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Munro JF. Africa and the international economy, 1800-1960: an introduction to the modern economic history of Africa south of the Sahara. London: : Dent 1976.
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Northrup D. Africa’s discovery of Europe, 1450-1850. 3rd ed. Oxford: : Oxford University Press 2014. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.31093
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Misevich P, Mann K, editors. The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. Rochester, NY: : University of Rochester Press 2016.
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Thornton JK. Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic world, 1400-1800. 2nd ed. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1998. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01405
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Rodney W. African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade. The Journal of African History 1966;7:431–43.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180112
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Behrendt SD. Markets, Transaction Cycles, and Profits: Merchant Decision Making in the British Slave Trade. The William and Mary Quarterly 2001;58. doi:10.2307/2674423
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Hawthorne W. Nourishing a Stateless Society during the Slave Trade: The Rise of Balanta Paddy-Rice Production in Guinea-Bissau. The Journal of African History 2001;42:1–24.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3647213
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Inikori JE. Africans and the industrial revolution in England: a study in international trade and development. Cambridge [England]: : Cambridge University Press 2002. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02605
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Law R. Ouidah: the social history of a West African slaving ‘port’, 1727-1892. Athens, OH: : Ohio University Press 2004.
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Lovejoy PE. The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature. The Journal of African History 1989;30. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024439
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Lovejoy PE. Islam, slavery, and political transformation in West Africa : constraints on the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Outre-mers 2002;89:247–82. doi:10.3406/outre.2002.3992
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Lovejoy PE, Richardson D. Trust, Pawnship, and Atlantic History: The Institutional Foundations of the Old Calabar Slave Trade. The American Historical Review 1999;104. doi:10.2307/2650369
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Lovejoy PE, Richardson D. The Business of Slaving: Pawnship in Western Africa, c. 1600-1810. The Journal of African History 2001;42:67–89.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/business-of-slaving-pawnship-in-western-africa-c-16001810/BCF564EFACF2D4B27F89A6A9FDC0CBA3
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Lovejoy PE, Richardson D. 'This Horrid Hole’: Royal Authority, Commerce and Credit at Bonny, 1690-1840. The Journal of African History 2004;45:363–92. doi:10.1017/S0021853704009879
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Mann K. Slavery and the birth of an African city: Lagos, 1760-1900. Bloomington, Ind: : Indiana University Press 2010.
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McGowan W. African resistance to the Atlantic slave trade in West Africa. Slavery & Abolition 1990;11:5–29. doi:10.1080/01440399008574997
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Misevich P, Mann K, editors. The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. Rochester, NY: : University of Rochester Press 2016.
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Ugo Nwokeji G, Eltis D. Characteristics of Captives Leaving the Cameroons for the Americas, 1822-1837. The Journal of African History 2002;43:191–210. doi:10.1017/S0021853701008076
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Richardson D. Shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic Slave Trade. The William and Mary Quarterly 2001;58. doi:10.2307/2674419
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Sparks RJ. Where the Negroes are masters: an African port in the era of the slave trade. Cambridge, Mass: : Harvard University Press 2014.
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Webb JLA. The Horse and Slave Trade Between the Western Sahara and Senegambia. The Journal of African History 1993;34. doi:10.1017/S0021853700033338
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Alpern SB. What Africans Got for Their Slaves: A Master List of European Trade Goods. History in Africa 1995;22:5–43.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171906
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Curto JC. Alcohol under the Context of the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Case of Benguela and its Hinterland (Angola) ( L’alcool dans le contexte de la traite altlantique d’esclaves. Le cas de Benguela et de son arrière-pays (Angola)). Cahiers d’Études Africaines 2011;51:51–85.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41445418
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DuPlessis RS. The material Atlantic: clothing, commerce, and colonization in the Atlantic World, 1650-1800. Cambridge, United Kingdom: : Cambridge University Press 2016.
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Evans C, Rydén G. ‘Voyage Iron’: An Atlantic Slave Trade Currency, its European Origins, and West African Impact*. Past & Present 2018;239:41–70. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtx055
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Inikori JE. The Import of Firearms into West Africa 1750–1807: a quantitative analysis. The Journal of African History 1977;18. doi:10.1017/S0021853700027304
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Riello G, Roy T. How India clothed the world: the world of South Asian textiles, 1500-1850. Leiden: : Brill 2009.
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Kobayashi K. Indian Textiles and Gum Arabic in the Lower Senegal River: Global Significance of Local Trade and Consumers in the Early Nineteenth Century. African Economic History 2017;45:27–53. doi:10.1353/aeh.2017.0005
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Kriger CE. Cloth in West African history. Lanham: : AltaMira Press 2006.
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Riello G, Parthasarathi P. The spinning world: a global history of cotton textiles, 1200-1850. Oxford: : Oxford University Press 2009.
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Macola G. REASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FIREARMS IN CENTRAL AFRICA: THE CASE OF NORTH-WESTERN ZAMBIA TO THE 1920S. The Journal of African History 2010;51:301–21.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23017720
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Metcalf G. A Microcosm of Why Africans sold Slaves: Akan Consumption Patterns in the 1770s. The Journal of African History 1987;28. doi:10.1017/S0021853700030097
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Pole LM. Decline or Survival? Iron Production in West Africa from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries. The Journal of African History 1982;23. doi:10.1017/S0021853700021320
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Reese TM. ‘Eating’ Luxury: Fante Middlemen, British Goods, and Changing Dependencies on the Gold Coast, 1750-1821. The William and Mary Quarterly 2009;66:851–72.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40467544
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Gemery HA, Hogendorn JS. The uncommon market: essays in the economic history of the Atlantic slave trade. New York: : Academic Press 1979.
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Riello G. Cotton: the fabric that made the modern world. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2013.
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Rodney W. How Europe underdeveloped Africa. Rev. ed. Washington D.C.: : Howard University Press 1982.
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Afigbo AE. Africa and the Abolition of the Slave Trade. The William and Mary Quarterly 2009;66:705–14.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40467537
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Austen RA, Smith WD. Images of Africa and British Slave-Trade Abolition: The Transition to an Imperialist Ideology, 1787-1807. African Historical Studies 1969;2. doi:10.2307/216327
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Brown CL. Moral capital: foundations of British abolitionism. Chapel Hill, N.C.: : University of North Carolina Press 2006.
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Curtin PD. The image of Africa: British ideas and action, 1780-1850. London: : Macmillan 1965.
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Davis DB. Inhuman bondage: the rise and fall of slavery in the New World. New York: : Oxford University Press 2006. https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=GlasgowUni&isbn=9780199726653
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Drescher S. Econocide: British slavery in the era of abolition. 2nd ed. Chapel Hill: : University of North Carolina Press 2010.
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Misevich P, Mann K, editors. The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. Rochester, NY: : University of Rochester Press 2016.
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Eltis D. Economic growth and the ending of the transatlantic slave trade. New York: : Oxford University Press 1987.
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Eltis D, Walvin J, Green-Pedersen SE. The abolition of the Atlantic slave trade: origins and effects in Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Madison: : University of Wisconsin Press 1981.
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Law R, University of Stirling. Centre of Commonwealth Studies. From slave trade to ‘legitimate’ commerce: the commercial transition in nineteenth-century West Africa : papers from a conference of the Centre of Commonwealth Studies, University of Stirling. 1st pbk. ed. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2002.
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Klein MA. Social and Economic Factors in the Muslim Revolution in Senegambia. The Journal of African History 1972;13:419–41.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180588
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Law R. The Politics of Commercial Transition: Factional Conflict in Dahomey in the Context of the Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade. The Journal of African History 1997;38:213–33.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/politics-of-commercial-transition-factional-conflict-in-dahomey-in-the-context-of-the-ending-of-the-atlantic-slave-trade/4CA87615F06B3D593D510C89BBABE996
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Law R, Schwarz S, Strickrodt S, editors. Commercial agriculture, the slave trade & slavery in Atlantic Africa. Oxford: : James Currey 2016.
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Paul E. Lovejoy and David Richardson. British Abolition and its Impact on Slave Prices Along the Atlantic Coast of Africa, 1783-1850. The Journal of Economic History 1995;55:98–119.http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/stable/2123769
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Lynn M. Change and Continuity in the British Palm Oil Trade with West Africa, 1830-55. The Journal of African History 1981;22:331–48.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/181807
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Lynn M. The ‘imperialism of free trade’ and the case of West Africa, c.1830‐c.1870. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 1986;15:22–40. doi:10.1080/03086538608582727
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Lynn M. Commerce and economic change in West Africa: the palm oil trade in the nineteenth century. First paperback edition. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2002.
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Northrup D. The Compatibility of the Slave and Palm Oil Trades in the Bight of Biafra. The Journal of African History 1976;17:353–64.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180699
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Peterson DR. Abolitionism and imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic. Athens, Ohio: : Ohio University Press 2010.
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Richardson D. The Ending of the British Slave Trade in 1807: The Economic Context. Parliamentary History 2007;26:127–40. doi:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2007.tb00684.x
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Rönnbäck K. The Idle and the Industrious – European Ideas about the African Work Ethic in Precolonial West Africa. History in Africa 2014;41:117–45. doi:10.1017/hia.2014.4
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Rönnbäck K. Enlightenment, Scientific Exploration and Abolitionism: Anders Sparrman’s and Carl Bernhard Wadström’s Colonial Encounters in Senegal, 1787–1788 and the British Abolitionist Movement. Slavery & Abolition 2013;34:425–45. doi:10.1080/0144039X.2012.734113
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Rönnbäck K. The Idle and the Industrious – European Ideas about the African Work Ethic in Precolonial West Africa. History in Africa 2014;41:117–45. doi:10.1017/hia.2014.4
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Temperley H. White dreams, Black Africa: the antislavery expedition to the River Niger 1841-1842. New Haven, Connecticut: : Yale University Press 1991.
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Bethell L. The abolition of the Brazilian slave trade: Britain, Brazil and the slave question 1807-1869. London: : Cambridge U.P 1970.
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Candido MP. An African slaving port and the Atlantic world: Benguela and its hinterland. First paperback edition. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2015.
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Clarence‐Smith G. The Portuguese contribution to the Cuban slave and coolie trades in the nineteenth century. Slavery & Abolition 1984;5:24–33. doi:10.1080/01440398408574863
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Domingues da Silva DB. The Atlantic slave trade from West Central Africa, 1780-1867. New York, NY: : Cambridge University Press 2017.
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Misevich P, Mann K, editors. The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. Rochester, NY: : University of Rochester Press 2016.
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Eltis D. The British Contribution to the Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Slave Trade. The Economic History Review 1979;32. doi:10.2307/2595454
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Ferreira R. Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World: Angola and Brazil during the Era of the Slave Trade. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2012. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139025096
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Harris JAE. Circuits of wealth, circuits of sorrow: financing the illegal transatlantic slave trade in the age of suppression, 1850–66. Journal of Global History 2016;11:409–29. doi:10.1017/S1740022816000218
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Klein HS, Vinson B. African slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean. 2nd ed. New York: : Oxford University Press 2007.
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Misevich P, Mann K, editors. The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. Rochester, NY: : University of Rochester Press 2016.
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Marques JP. The sounds of silence: nineteenth-century Portugal and the abolition of the slave trade / João Pedro Marques ; translated by Richard Wall. New York: : Berghahn Books 2006.
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Misevich P, Mann K, editors. The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. Rochester, NY: : University of Rochester Press 2016.
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Martinez JS. Antislavery Courts and the Dawn of International Human Rights Law. The Yale Law Journal 2008;117. doi:10.2307/20455804
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Miller JC. Way of death: merchant capitalism and the Angolan slave trade, 1730-1830. Madison, Wis: : University of Wisconsin Press 1988. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02634
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Murray DR. Odious commerce: Britain, Spain and the abolition of the Cuban slave trade. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1980.
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Needell JD. The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade in 1850: Historiography, Slave Agency and Statesmanship. Journal of Latin American Studies 2001;33:681–711.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3653761
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Paquette G. After Brazil: Portuguese Debates on Empire, c. 1820-1850. Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 2010;11. doi:10.1353/cch.2010.0005
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Schmidt-Nowara C. Anti-slavery in Spain and Its Colonies, 1808–86. In: Mulligan W, Bric M, eds. A Global History of Anti-slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century. London: : Palgrave Macmillan UK 2013. 137–48. doi:10.1057/9781137032607_8
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Anderson R. Uncovering testimonies of slavery and the slave trade in missionary sources: the SHADD biographies project and the CMS and MMS archives for Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and the Gambia. Slavery & Abolition 2017;38:620–44. doi:10.1080/0144039X.2016.1223709
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Bellagamba A, Greene SE, Klein MA. African voices on slavery and the slave trade. New York: : Cambridge University Press 2013.
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Clarence-Smith WC. Emigration from Western Africa, 1807–1940. Itinerario 1990;14.
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Klein MA. Breaking the chains: slavery, bondage, and emancipation in modern Africa and Asia. Madison: : University of Wisconsin Press 1993.
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Clarence‐Smith WG. Labour conditions in the plantations of São tomé and príncipe, 1875–1914. Slavery & Abolition 1993;14:149–67. doi:10.1080/01440399308575088
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Getz TR. Slavery and reform in West Africa: toward emancipation in nineteenth-century Senegal and the Gold Coast. Athens: : Ohio University Press 2004.
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Grant K. A civilised savagery: Britain and the new slaveries in Africa, 1884-1926. New York: : Routledge 2005.
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Greene SE. Slave owners of West Africa: decision making in the age of abolition. Bloomington, Indiana: : Indiana University Press 2017.
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Higgs C. Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, Slavery, and Colonial Africa.
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Klein MA. Breaking the chains: slavery, bondage, and emancipation in modern Africa and Asia. Madison: : University of Wisconsin Press 1993.
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Klein MA. Breaking the chains: slavery, bondage, and emancipation in modern Africa and Asia. Madison: : University of Wisconsin Press 1993.
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Scully P, Paton D. Gender and slave emancipation in the Atlantic world. Durham, N.C.: : Duke University Press 2005.
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Lovejoy PE. Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa. 3rd ed. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 2011.
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Lovejoy PE, Falola T. Pawnship, slavery, and colonialism in Africa. Trenton, N.J.: : Africa World Press 2003.
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MacGaffey W. Kongo Slavery Remembered by Themselves: Texts from 1915. The International Journal of African Historical Studies 2008;41:55–76.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40282456
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Klein MA. Breaking the chains: slavery, bondage, and emancipation in modern Africa and Asia. Madison: : University of Wisconsin Press 1993.
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Miers S, Roberts RL. The End of slavery in Africa. Madison, Wis: : University of Wisconsin Press 1988.
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Northrup D. Indentured labor in the age of imperialism, 1834-1922. Cambridge: : Cambridge University Press 1995.
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Stilwell SA. Slavery and slaving in African history. New York, NY: : Cambridge University Press 2014.
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Vansina J. Ambaca Society and the Slave Trade, c. 1760-1845. The Journal of African History 2005;46:1–27. doi:10.1017/S0021853704009910
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Lawrance BN, Roberts RL, editors. Trafficking in slavery’s wake: law and the experience of women and children. Athens, Ohio: : Ohio University Press 2012.
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Behrendt SD, Duke A, Latham AJH, et al. The diary of Antera Duke, an eighteenth-century African slave trader. New York, NY: : Oxford University Press 2010.
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Curtin PD. Africa remembered; narratives by West Africans from the era of the slave trade. Madison, Wis: : University of Wisconsin Press 1967.
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Equiano O. The interesting narrative and other writings. Revised edition. New York: : Penguin Books 2003. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1127301
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Greene SE. West African narratives of slavery: texts from late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Ghana. Bloomington: : Indiana University Press 2011.
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Chadwyck-Healey, Inc. House of Commons parliamentary papers. 2005.http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://parlipapers.proquest.com/?accountid=14540
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Isert PE, Winsnes SA. Letters on West Africa and the slave trade: Paul Erdmann Isert’s journey to Guinea and the Carribean islands in Columbia (1788). Legon, Accra, Ghana: : Sub-Saharan Publishers 2007.
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Last JT. Polyglotta Africana orientalis: or a comparative collection of two hundred and fifty words and sentences in forty-eight languages and dialects spoken. Nabu Press, 2011:
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Lambert S. House of Commons sessional papers of the eighteenth century. 1975.
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Lovejoy PE, Oliveira VS. An Index to the Slavery and Slave Trade Enquiry: The British Parliamentary House of Commons Sessional Papers, 1788-1792. History in Africa 2013;40:193–255. doi:10.1017/hia.2013.11
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Baquaqua MG, Law R, Lovejoy PE. The biography of Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua: his passage from slavery to freedom in Africa and America. Princeton: : Markus Wiener Publisher 2007.
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Livingstone D. Missionary travels and researches in South Africa: including a sketch of sixteen years’ residence in the interior of Africa and a journey from the Cape of Good Hope to Loanda on the West coast, thence across the continent, down the River Zambesi to the Eastern Ocean. London: : J. Murray 1857. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044042795997;view=1up;seq=9
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Newbury CW. British policy towards West Africa: select documents. Oxford: : Clarendon P. 1965.
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Newton J. The journal of a slave trader (John Newton), 1750 to 1754, with Newton’s ‘Thoughts upon the African slave trade’. Epworth P 1962.
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Park M. The life and travels of Mungo Park: comprising an original memoir of his early life, a reprint of the ‘Travels in the interior of Africa’, written by himself, and published in quarto in 1798, and an original narrative of his second journey : also, an original account of the progress of African discovery from the death of Park till the year 1838 : illustrated with a map. People’s ed. Edinburgh: : William and Robert Chambers 1838. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2794485;view=1up;seq=7
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Voyages: The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database. http://www.slavevoyages.org/
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MCC Slave Voyage The Unity, 1761-1763. https://eenigheid.slavenhandelmcc.nl/slaves-journey/?lang=en
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The Liberated Africans Projects. http://www.liberatedafricans.org/
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Behrendt SD, Graham EJ. African Merchants, Notables and the Slave Trade at Old Calabar, 1720: Evidence from the National Archives of Scotland. History in Africa 2003;30:37–61.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172081
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Adogame AU, Lawrence AG, editors. Africa in Scotland, Scotland in Africa: historical legacies and contemporary hybridities. Leiden, Netherlands: : Brill 2014. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gla/detail.action?docID=1815761
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Devine TM, editor. Recovering Scotland’s slavery past: the Caribbean connection. Edinburgh: : Edinburgh University Press 2015.
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Devine TM, Jackson G, Fraser WH, et al. Glasgow. Manchester: : Manchester University Press 1995.
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Duffill M. The Africa trade from the ports of Scotland, 1706–66. Slavery & Abolition 2004;25:102–22. doi:10.1080/0144039042000302260
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Lambert D. Mastering the Niger: James MacQueen’s African geography and the struggle over Atlantic slavery. Chicago, Illinois: : The University of Chicago Press 2013. https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://chicago.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7208/chicago/9780226078236.001.0001/upso-9780226078069
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Lynn M. From Sail to Steam: The Impact of the Steamship Services on the British Palm Oil Trade with West Africa, 1850-1890. The Journal of African History 1989;30:227–45.https://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/183066
