1.
Austen, R.A.: African economic history: internal development and external dependency. James Currey, London (1987).
2.
Curtin, P.D.: The rise and fall of the plantation complex: essays in Atlantic history. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1998).
3.
Eltis, D., Richardson, D., Davis, D.B.: Atlas of the transatlantic slave trade. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut (2010).
4.
Eltis, D., Richardson, D.: Extending the frontiers: essays on the new transatlantic slave trade database. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn (2008).
5.
Hopkins, A.G.: An economic history of West Africa. Longman, [Harlow] (1973).
6.
Inikori, J.E.: Africa and the globalization process: western Africa, 1450–1850. Journal of Global History. 2, (2007). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022807002045.
7.
Klein, H.S.: The Atlantic slave trade. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2010).
8.
Akyeampong, E.K.: Themes in West Africa’s history. Ohio University Press, Athens (2006).
9.
Misevich, P., Mann, K. eds: The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY (2016).
10.
Manning, P.: Slavery and African life: occidental, oriental and African slave trades. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990).
11.
Greene, J.P., Morgan, P.D.: Atlantic history: a critical appraisal. Oxford University Press, New York (2009).
12.
Munro, J.F.: Africa and the international economy, 1800-1960: an introduction to the modern economic history of Africa south of the Sahara. Dent, London (1976).
13.
Northrup, D.: Africa’s discovery of Europe, 1450-1850. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2014).
14.
Misevich, P., Mann, K. eds: The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY (2016).
15.
Thornton, J.K.: Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic world, 1400-1800. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1998).
16.
Rodney, W.: African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the Atlantic Slave-Trade. The Journal of African History. 7, 431–443 (1966).
17.
Behrendt, S.D.: Markets, Transaction Cycles, and Profits: Merchant Decision Making in the British Slave Trade. The William and Mary Quarterly. 58, (2001). https://doi.org/10.2307/2674423.
18.
Hawthorne, W.: Nourishing a Stateless Society during the Slave Trade: The Rise of Balanta Paddy-Rice Production in Guinea-Bissau. The Journal of African History. 42, 1–24 (2001).
19.
Inikori, J.E.: Africans and the industrial revolution in England: a study in international trade and development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge [England] (2002).
20.
Law, R.: Ouidah: the social history of a West African slaving ‘port’, 1727-1892. Ohio University Press, Athens, OH (2004).
21.
Lovejoy, P.E.: The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature. The Journal of African History. 30, (1989). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700024439.
22.
Lovejoy, P.E.: Islam, slavery, and political transformation in West Africa : constraints on the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Outre-mers. 89, 247–282 (2002). https://doi.org/10.3406/outre.2002.3992.
23.
Lovejoy, P.E., Richardson, D.: Trust, Pawnship, and Atlantic History: The Institutional Foundations of the Old Calabar Slave Trade. The American Historical Review. 104, (1999). https://doi.org/10.2307/2650369.
24.
Lovejoy, P.E., Richardson, D.: The Business of Slaving: Pawnship in Western Africa, c. 1600-1810. The Journal of African History. 42, 67–89 (2001).
25.
Lovejoy, P.E., Richardson, D.: 'This Horrid Hole’: Royal Authority, Commerce and Credit at Bonny, 1690-1840. The Journal of African History. 45, 363–392 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853704009879.
26.
Mann, K.: Slavery and the birth of an African city: Lagos, 1760-1900. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Ind (2010).
27.
McGowan, W.: African resistance to the Atlantic slave trade in West Africa. Slavery & Abolition. 11, 5–29 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1080/01440399008574997.
28.
Misevich, P., Mann, K. eds: The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY (2016).
29.
Ugo Nwokeji, G., Eltis, D.: Characteristics of Captives Leaving the Cameroons for the Americas, 1822-1837. The Journal of African History. 43, 191–210 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853701008076.
30.
Richardson, D.: Shipboard Revolts, African Authority, and the Atlantic Slave Trade. The William and Mary Quarterly. 58, (2001). https://doi.org/10.2307/2674419.
31.
Sparks, R.J.: Where the Negroes are masters: an African port in the era of the slave trade. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass (2014).
32.
Webb, J.L.A.: The Horse and Slave Trade Between the Western Sahara and Senegambia. The Journal of African History. 34, (1993). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700033338.
33.
Alpern, S.B.: What Africans Got for Their Slaves: A Master List of European Trade Goods. History in Africa. 22, 5–43 (1995).
34.
Curto, J.C.: Alcohol under the Context of the Atlantic Slave Trade: The Case of Benguela and its Hinterland (Angola) ( L’alcool dans le contexte de la traite altlantique d’esclaves. Le cas de Benguela et de son arrière-pays (Angola)). Cahiers d’Études Africaines. 51, 51–85 (2011).
35.
DuPlessis, R.S.: The material Atlantic: clothing, commerce, and colonization in the Atlantic World, 1650-1800. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom (2016).
36.
Evans, C., Rydén, G.: ‘Voyage Iron’: An Atlantic Slave Trade Currency, its European Origins, and West African Impact*. Past & Present. 239, 41–70 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtx055.
37.
Inikori, J.E.: The Import of Firearms into West Africa 1750–1807: a quantitative analysis. The Journal of African History. 18, (1977). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700027304.
38.
Riello, G., Roy, T.: How India clothed the world: the world of South Asian textiles, 1500-1850. Brill, Leiden (2009).
39.
Kobayashi, K.: Indian Textiles and Gum Arabic in the Lower Senegal River: Global Significance of Local Trade and Consumers in the Early Nineteenth Century. African Economic History. 45, 27–53 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2017.0005.
40.
Kriger, C.E.: Cloth in West African history. AltaMira Press, Lanham (2006).
41.
Riello, G., Parthasarathi, P.: The spinning world: a global history of cotton textiles, 1200-1850. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2009).
42.
Macola, G.: REASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FIREARMS IN CENTRAL AFRICA: THE CASE OF NORTH-WESTERN ZAMBIA TO THE 1920S. The Journal of African History. 51, 301–321 (2010).
43.
Metcalf, G.: A Microcosm of Why Africans sold Slaves: Akan Consumption Patterns in the 1770s. The Journal of African History. 28, (1987). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700030097.
44.
Pole, L.M.: Decline or Survival? Iron Production in West Africa from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Centuries. The Journal of African History. 23, (1982). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700021320.
45.
Reese, T.M.: ‘Eating’ Luxury: Fante Middlemen, British Goods, and Changing Dependencies on the Gold Coast, 1750-1821. The William and Mary Quarterly. 66, 851–872 (2009).
46.
Gemery, H.A., Hogendorn, J.S.: The uncommon market: essays in the economic history of the Atlantic slave trade. Academic Press, New York (1979).
47.
Riello, G.: Cotton: the fabric that made the modern world. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2013).
48.
Rodney, W.: How Europe underdeveloped Africa. Howard University Press, Washington D.C. (1982).
49.
Afigbo, A.E.: Africa and the Abolition of the Slave Trade. The William and Mary Quarterly. 66, 705–714 (2009).
50.
Austen, R.A., Smith, W.D.: Images of Africa and British Slave-Trade Abolition: The Transition to an Imperialist Ideology, 1787-1807. African Historical Studies. 2, (1969). https://doi.org/10.2307/216327.
51.
Brown, C.L.: Moral capital: foundations of British abolitionism. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, N.C. (2006).
52.
Curtin, P.D.: The image of Africa: British ideas and action, 1780-1850. Macmillan, London (1965).
53.
Davis, D.B.: Inhuman bondage: the rise and fall of slavery in the New World. Oxford University Press, New York (2006).
54.
Drescher, S.: Econocide: British slavery in the era of abolition. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill (2010).
55.
Misevich, P., Mann, K. eds: The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY (2016).
56.
Eltis, D.: Economic growth and the ending of the transatlantic slave trade. Oxford University Press, New York (1987).
57.
Eltis, D., Walvin, J., Green-Pedersen, S.E.: The abolition of the Atlantic slave trade: origins and effects in Europe, Africa, and the Americas. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison (1981).
58.
Law, R., University of Stirling. Centre of Commonwealth Studies: From slave trade to ‘legitimate’ commerce: the commercial transition in nineteenth-century West Africa : papers from a conference of the Centre of Commonwealth Studies, University of Stirling. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2002).
59.
Klein, M.A.: Social and Economic Factors in the Muslim Revolution in Senegambia. The Journal of African History. 13, 419–441 (1972).
60.
Law, R.: The Politics of Commercial Transition: Factional Conflict in Dahomey in the Context of the Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade. The Journal of African History. 38, 213–233 (1997).
61.
Law, R., Schwarz, S., Strickrodt, S. eds: Commercial agriculture, the slave trade & slavery in Atlantic Africa. James Currey, Oxford (2016).
62.
Paul E. Lovejoy and David Richardson: British Abolition and its Impact on Slave Prices Along the Atlantic Coast of Africa, 1783-1850. The Journal of Economic History. 55, 98–119 (1995).
63.
Lynn, M.: Change and Continuity in the British Palm Oil Trade with West Africa, 1830-55. The Journal of African History. 22, 331–348 (1981).
64.
Lynn, M.: The ‘imperialism of free trade’ and the case of West Africa, c.1830‐c.1870. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 15, 22–40 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1080/03086538608582727.
65.
Lynn, M.: Commerce and economic change in West Africa: the palm oil trade in the nineteenth century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2002).
66.
Northrup, D.: The Compatibility of the Slave and Palm Oil Trades in the Bight of Biafra. The Journal of African History. 17, 353–364 (1976).
67.
Peterson, D.R.: Abolitionism and imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic. Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio (2010).
68.
Richardson, D.: The Ending of the British Slave Trade in 1807: The Economic Context. Parliamentary History. 26, 127–140 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-0206.2007.tb00684.x.
69.
Rönnbäck, K.: The Idle and the Industrious – European Ideas about the African Work Ethic in Precolonial West Africa. History in Africa. 41, 117–145 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2014.4.
70.
Rönnbäck, K.: Enlightenment, Scientific Exploration and Abolitionism: Anders Sparrman’s and Carl Bernhard Wadström’s Colonial Encounters in Senegal, 1787–1788 and the British Abolitionist Movement. Slavery & Abolition. 34, 425–445 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2012.734113.
71.
Rönnbäck, K.: The Idle and the Industrious – European Ideas about the African Work Ethic in Precolonial West Africa. History in Africa. 41, 117–145 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2014.4.
72.
Temperley, H.: White dreams, Black Africa: the antislavery expedition to the River Niger 1841-1842. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut (1991).
73.
Bethell, L.: The abolition of the Brazilian slave trade: Britain, Brazil and the slave question 1807-1869. Cambridge U.P, London (1970).
74.
Candido, M.P.: An African slaving port and the Atlantic world: Benguela and its hinterland. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2015).
75.
Clarence‐Smith, G.: The Portuguese contribution to the Cuban slave and coolie trades in the nineteenth century. Slavery & Abolition. 5, 24–33 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1080/01440398408574863.
76.
Domingues da Silva, D.B.: The Atlantic slave trade from West Central Africa, 1780-1867. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY (2017).
77.
Misevich, P., Mann, K. eds: The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY (2016).
78.
Eltis, D.: The British Contribution to the Nineteenth-Century Transatlantic Slave Trade. The Economic History Review. 32, (1979). https://doi.org/10.2307/2595454.
79.
Ferreira, R.: Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Atlantic World: Angola and Brazil during the Era of the Slave Trade. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2012).
80.
Harris, J.A.E.: Circuits of wealth, circuits of sorrow: financing the illegal transatlantic slave trade in the age of suppression, 1850–66. Journal of Global History. 11, 409–429 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022816000218.
81.
Klein, H.S., Vinson, B.: African slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean. Oxford University Press, New York (2007).
82.
Misevich, P., Mann, K. eds: The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY (2016).
83.
Marques, J.P.: The sounds of silence: nineteenth-century Portugal and the abolition of the slave trade / João Pedro Marques ; translated by Richard Wall. Berghahn Books, New York (2006).
84.
Misevich, P., Mann, K. eds: The rise and demise of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic world. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY (2016).
85.
Martinez, J.S.: Antislavery Courts and the Dawn of International Human Rights Law. The Yale Law Journal. 117, (2008). https://doi.org/10.2307/20455804.
86.
Miller, J.C.: Way of death: merchant capitalism and the Angolan slave trade, 1730-1830. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wis (1988).
87.
Murray, D.R.: Odious commerce: Britain, Spain and the abolition of the Cuban slave trade. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1980).
88.
Needell, J.D.: The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade in 1850: Historiography, Slave Agency and Statesmanship. Journal of Latin American Studies. 33, 681–711 (2001).
89.
Paquette, G.: After Brazil: Portuguese Debates on Empire, c. 1820-1850. Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History. 11, (2010). https://doi.org/10.1353/cch.2010.0005.
90.
Schmidt-Nowara, C.: Anti-slavery in Spain and Its Colonies, 1808–86. In: Mulligan, W. and Bric, M. (eds.) A Global History of Anti-slavery Politics in the Nineteenth Century. pp. 137–148. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London (2013). https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137032607_8.
91.
Anderson, R.: Uncovering testimonies of slavery and the slave trade in missionary sources: the SHADD biographies project and the CMS and MMS archives for Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and the Gambia. Slavery & Abolition. 38, 620–644 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2016.1223709.
92.
Bellagamba, A., Greene, S.E., Klein, M.A.: African voices on slavery and the slave trade. Cambridge University Press, New York (2013).
93.
Clarence-Smith, W.C.: Emigration from Western Africa, 1807–1940. Itinerario. 14, (1990).
94.
Klein, M.A.: Breaking the chains: slavery, bondage, and emancipation in modern Africa and Asia. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison (1993).
95.
Clarence‐Smith, W.G.: Labour conditions in the plantations of São tomé and príncipe, 1875–1914. Slavery & Abolition. 14, 149–167 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1080/01440399308575088.
96.
Getz, T.R.: Slavery and reform in West Africa: toward emancipation in nineteenth-century Senegal and the Gold Coast. Ohio University Press, Athens (2004).
97.
Grant, K.: A civilised savagery: Britain and the new slaveries in Africa, 1884-1926. Routledge, New York (2005).
98.
Greene, S.E.: Slave owners of West Africa: decision making in the age of abolition. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana (2017).
99.
Higgs, C.: Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, Slavery, and Colonial Africa.
100.
Klein, M.A.: Breaking the chains: slavery, bondage, and emancipation in modern Africa and Asia. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison (1993).
101.
Klein, M.A.: Breaking the chains: slavery, bondage, and emancipation in modern Africa and Asia. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison (1993).
102.
Scully, P., Paton, D.: Gender and slave emancipation in the Atlantic world. Duke University Press, Durham, N.C. (2005).
103.
Lovejoy, P.E.: Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2011).
104.
Lovejoy, P.E., Falola, T.: Pawnship, slavery, and colonialism in Africa. Africa World Press, Trenton, N.J. (2003).
105.
MacGaffey, W.: Kongo Slavery Remembered by Themselves: Texts from 1915. The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 41, 55–76 (2008).
106.
Klein, M.A.: Breaking the chains: slavery, bondage, and emancipation in modern Africa and Asia. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison (1993).
107.
Miers, S., Roberts, R.L.: The End of slavery in Africa. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wis (1988).
108.
Northrup, D.: Indentured labor in the age of imperialism, 1834-1922. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1995).
109.
Stilwell, S.A.: Slavery and slaving in African history. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY (2014).
110.
Vansina, J.: Ambaca Society and the Slave Trade, c. 1760-1845. The Journal of African History. 46, 1–27 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853704009910.
111.
Lawrance, B.N., Roberts, R.L. eds: Trafficking in slavery’s wake: law and the experience of women and children. Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio (2012).
112.
Behrendt, S.D., Duke, A., Latham, A.J.H., Northrup, D., International African Institute: The diary of Antera Duke, an eighteenth-century African slave trader. Oxford University Press, New York, NY (2010).
113.
Curtin, P.D.: Africa remembered; narratives by West Africans from the era of the slave trade. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wis (1967).
114.
Equiano, O.: The interesting narrative and other writings. Penguin Books, New York (2003).
115.
Greene, S.E.: West African narratives of slavery: texts from late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Ghana. Indiana University Press, Bloomington (2011).
116.
Chadwyck-Healey, Inc: House of Commons parliamentary papers, http://ezproxy.lib.gla.ac.uk/login?url=http://parlipapers.proquest.com/?accountid=14540.
117.
Isert, P.E., Winsnes, S.A.: Letters on West Africa and the slave trade: Paul Erdmann Isert’s journey to Guinea and the Carribean islands in Columbia (1788). Sub-Saharan Publishers, Legon, Accra, Ghana (2007).
118.
Last, J.T.: Polyglotta Africana orientalis: or a comparative collection of two hundred and fifty words and sentences in forty-eight languages and dialects spoken. , Nabu Press, 2011.
119.
Lambert, S.: House of Commons sessional papers of the eighteenth century. (1975).
120.
Lovejoy, P.E., Oliveira, V.S.: An Index to the Slavery and Slave Trade Enquiry: The British Parliamentary House of Commons Sessional Papers, 1788-1792. History in Africa. 40, 193–255 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2013.11.
121.
Baquaqua, M.G., Law, R., Lovejoy, P.E.: The biography of Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua: his passage from slavery to freedom in Africa and America. Markus Wiener Publisher, Princeton (2007).
122.
Livingstone, D.: Missionary travels and researches in South Africa: including a sketch of sixteen years’ residence in the interior of Africa and a journey from the Cape of Good Hope to Loanda on the West coast, thence across the continent, down the River Zambesi to the Eastern Ocean. J. Murray, London (1857).
123.
Newbury, C.W.: British policy towards West Africa: select documents. Clarendon P., Oxford (1965).
124.
Newton, J.: The journal of a slave trader (John Newton), 1750 to 1754, with Newton’s ‘Thoughts upon the African slave trade’. Epworth P (1962).
125.
Park, M.: The life and travels of Mungo Park: comprising an original memoir of his early life, a reprint of the ‘Travels in the interior of Africa’, written by himself, and published in quarto in 1798, and an original narrative of his second journey : also, an original account of the progress of African discovery from the death of Park till the year 1838 : illustrated with a map. William and Robert Chambers, Edinburgh (1838).
126.
Voyages: The Transatlantic Slave Trade Database, http://www.slavevoyages.org/.
127.
MCC Slave Voyage The Unity, 1761-1763, https://eenigheid.slavenhandelmcc.nl/slaves-journey/?lang=en.
128.
The Liberated Africans Projects, http://www.liberatedafricans.org/.
129.
Behrendt, S.D., Graham, E.J.: African Merchants, Notables and the Slave Trade at Old Calabar, 1720: Evidence from the National Archives of Scotland. History in Africa. 30, 37–61 (2003).
130.
Adogame, A.U., Lawrence, A.G. eds: Africa in Scotland, Scotland in Africa: historical legacies and contemporary hybridities. Brill, Leiden, Netherlands (2014).
131.
Devine, T.M. ed: Recovering Scotland’s slavery past: the Caribbean connection. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh (2015).
132.
Devine, T.M., Jackson, G., Fraser, W.H., Maver, I.: Glasgow. Manchester University Press, Manchester (1995).
133.
Duffill, M.: The Africa trade from the ports of Scotland, 1706–66. Slavery & Abolition. 25, 102–122 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039042000302260.
134.
Lambert, D.: Mastering the Niger: James MacQueen’s African geography and the struggle over Atlantic slavery. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois (2013).
135.
Lynn, M.: From Sail to Steam: The Impact of the Steamship Services on the British Palm Oil Trade with West Africa, 1850-1890. The Journal of African History. 30, 227–245 (1989).
